NSG 448 Exam 2 V2 | NSG 448 Evidence-Based Project Capstone |
Actual Q&A with Rationale (NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand Canyon
University
1. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent?
A. Treatment group
B. Type of study
C. Timeframe
D. Target population
Answer: C
Rationale: In the PICOT mnemonic, the ‘T’ stands for Time or Timeframe. This component
specifies the period over which the intervention or observation occurs. Including a
timeframe helps narrow the search for evidence and clarifies the expected duration of the
outcomes.
2. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence-based
practice?
A. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses
B. Case-control studies
C. Expert opinion
D. Single randomized controlled trials
Answer: A
Rationale: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are at the top of the evidence hierarchy
because they synthesize findings from multiple high-quality studies. This provides a more
robust and comprehensive conclusion than a single study alone. By minimizing bias
through rigorous selection criteria, they offer the strongest foundation for clinical decision-
making.
3. In statistical analysis, what is the meaning of a p-value of 0.03?
A. There is a 3% chance the results occurred by random chance.
B. The results are 3% likely to be true.
C. The intervention is 97% effective in all patients.
D. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
Answer: A
,Rationale: A p-value measures the probability that the observed results occurred by
chance alone assuming the null hypothesis is true. A p-value of 0.03 is less than the
standard alpha of 0.05, indicating statistical significance. This leads researchers to reject
the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
4. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of qualitative research?
A. Focus on human experiences and perspectives.
B. Large sample sizes to ensure generalizability.
C. Use of statistical tests to prove a hypothesis.
D. Strict control of variables in a laboratory setting.
Answer: A
Rationale: Qualitative research aims to explore and understand the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem. It relies on data collection such as interviews
or observations rather than numerical measurements. This approach provides depth and
context to complex nursing phenomena that quantitative methods may miss.
5. What is the main purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To fund research projects for the university.
B. To statistically analyze data for the research team.
C. To publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals.
D. To ensure the safety and rights of human subjects are protected.
Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of an IRB is to review research proposals to ensure ethical
standards are maintained. They focus on protecting the rights, welfare, and privacy of
human participants involved in research. No research involving human subjects can begin
until the IRB has granted approval.
6. In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the
mean?
A. 50%
B. 95%
C. 68%
D. 99.7%
Answer: C
Rationale: The empirical rule states that in a bell-shaped curve, approximately 68% of the
data falls within one standard deviation. This percentage increases to 95% within two
, standard deviations and 99.7% within three. Understanding these distributions helps
researchers identify outliers and the spread of their data.
7. Which database is specifically known for providing high-quality systematic reviews for
evidence-based practice?
A. PsycINFO
B. Wikipedia
C. CINAHL
D. Cochrane Library
Answer: D
Rationale: The Cochrane Library is a collection of databases that contain high-quality,
independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. It is particularly renowned for
its systematic reviews which adhere to a strict methodological process. Clinicians use this
resource to find the most reliable evidence currently available in the medical field.
8. Which nursing theorist’s work is often used as a framework for change in Evidence-Based
Practice projects?
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Jean Watson
C. Kurt Lewin
D. Dorothea Orem
Answer: C
Rationale: Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory, involving the stages of unfreezing, moving, and
refreezing, is frequently applied to EBP implementations. It provides a structured approach
to managing transitions within clinical settings. By understanding these phases, nurse
leaders can better navigate resistance and sustain new practices.
9. What is the goal of a pilot study in a capstone project?
A. To test the feasibility of the project on a small scale.
B. To provide final proof of the research hypothesis.
C. To replace the need for a full-scale research study.
D. To increase the sample size of the main study.
Answer: A
Rationale: A pilot study is a small-scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate
feasibility, time, cost, and adverse events. It allows the researcher to improve the study
Actual Q&A with Rationale (NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand Canyon
University
1. When developing a PICOT question, what does the ‘T’ represent?
A. Treatment group
B. Type of study
C. Timeframe
D. Target population
Answer: C
Rationale: In the PICOT mnemonic, the ‘T’ stands for Time or Timeframe. This component
specifies the period over which the intervention or observation occurs. Including a
timeframe helps narrow the search for evidence and clarifies the expected duration of the
outcomes.
2. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence-based
practice?
A. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses
B. Case-control studies
C. Expert opinion
D. Single randomized controlled trials
Answer: A
Rationale: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are at the top of the evidence hierarchy
because they synthesize findings from multiple high-quality studies. This provides a more
robust and comprehensive conclusion than a single study alone. By minimizing bias
through rigorous selection criteria, they offer the strongest foundation for clinical decision-
making.
3. In statistical analysis, what is the meaning of a p-value of 0.03?
A. There is a 3% chance the results occurred by random chance.
B. The results are 3% likely to be true.
C. The intervention is 97% effective in all patients.
D. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
Answer: A
,Rationale: A p-value measures the probability that the observed results occurred by
chance alone assuming the null hypothesis is true. A p-value of 0.03 is less than the
standard alpha of 0.05, indicating statistical significance. This leads researchers to reject
the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
4. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of qualitative research?
A. Focus on human experiences and perspectives.
B. Large sample sizes to ensure generalizability.
C. Use of statistical tests to prove a hypothesis.
D. Strict control of variables in a laboratory setting.
Answer: A
Rationale: Qualitative research aims to explore and understand the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem. It relies on data collection such as interviews
or observations rather than numerical measurements. This approach provides depth and
context to complex nursing phenomena that quantitative methods may miss.
5. What is the main purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To fund research projects for the university.
B. To statistically analyze data for the research team.
C. To publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals.
D. To ensure the safety and rights of human subjects are protected.
Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of an IRB is to review research proposals to ensure ethical
standards are maintained. They focus on protecting the rights, welfare, and privacy of
human participants involved in research. No research involving human subjects can begin
until the IRB has granted approval.
6. In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the
mean?
A. 50%
B. 95%
C. 68%
D. 99.7%
Answer: C
Rationale: The empirical rule states that in a bell-shaped curve, approximately 68% of the
data falls within one standard deviation. This percentage increases to 95% within two
, standard deviations and 99.7% within three. Understanding these distributions helps
researchers identify outliers and the spread of their data.
7. Which database is specifically known for providing high-quality systematic reviews for
evidence-based practice?
A. PsycINFO
B. Wikipedia
C. CINAHL
D. Cochrane Library
Answer: D
Rationale: The Cochrane Library is a collection of databases that contain high-quality,
independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. It is particularly renowned for
its systematic reviews which adhere to a strict methodological process. Clinicians use this
resource to find the most reliable evidence currently available in the medical field.
8. Which nursing theorist’s work is often used as a framework for change in Evidence-Based
Practice projects?
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Jean Watson
C. Kurt Lewin
D. Dorothea Orem
Answer: C
Rationale: Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory, involving the stages of unfreezing, moving, and
refreezing, is frequently applied to EBP implementations. It provides a structured approach
to managing transitions within clinical settings. By understanding these phases, nurse
leaders can better navigate resistance and sustain new practices.
9. What is the goal of a pilot study in a capstone project?
A. To test the feasibility of the project on a small scale.
B. To provide final proof of the research hypothesis.
C. To replace the need for a full-scale research study.
D. To increase the sample size of the main study.
Answer: A
Rationale: A pilot study is a small-scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate
feasibility, time, cost, and adverse events. It allows the researcher to improve the study
