NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide- Exam Questions with Correct
Answers (Grade A+)
Question 1: Prodrug
Answer: An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical
reactions once it is inside the body. -Cytochrome P450 -Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Question 2: Bioavailability
Answer: the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used -Affected by route of
administration and drug dosage -Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation) -Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Question 3: Steady state (of a drug)
Answer: stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug -rate of drug being added to
system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Question 4: Pharmacokinetics
Answer: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
Question 5: First pass
Answer: the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs
Question 6: does not
Answer: bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Question 7: Bioequivalence
Answer: relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Question 8: Bioavailability (is affected by)
Answer: -chemical instability -solubility -first pass metabolism
Page 1
, Question 9: Cytochrome P450
Answer: -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products
of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver. -genetics influence presence of
enzymes -affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins. -the levels of these
drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because
there is competition for enzyme metabolism. -inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
Question 10: cytochrome p450 inducer
Answer: An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
Question 11: cytochrome p450 inhibitor
Answer: An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Question 12: Clopidogrel
Answer: prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
Question 13: half-life (determines)
Answer: how often a drug is administered
Question 14: 4-5
Answer: steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Question 15: Warfarin (MOA)
Answer: -Vitamin K antagonist -Factors II, VII, IX, X -takes several days to take effect -monitor INR
Question 16: Vitamin K
Answer: warfarin antidote
Question 17: Heparin (MOA)
Answer: -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and
Page 2
Answers (Grade A+)
Question 1: Prodrug
Answer: An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical
reactions once it is inside the body. -Cytochrome P450 -Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Question 2: Bioavailability
Answer: the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used -Affected by route of
administration and drug dosage -Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation) -Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Question 3: Steady state (of a drug)
Answer: stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug -rate of drug being added to
system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Question 4: Pharmacokinetics
Answer: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
Question 5: First pass
Answer: the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs
Question 6: does not
Answer: bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Question 7: Bioequivalence
Answer: relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Question 8: Bioavailability (is affected by)
Answer: -chemical instability -solubility -first pass metabolism
Page 1
, Question 9: Cytochrome P450
Answer: -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products
of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver. -genetics influence presence of
enzymes -affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins. -the levels of these
drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because
there is competition for enzyme metabolism. -inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
Question 10: cytochrome p450 inducer
Answer: An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
Question 11: cytochrome p450 inhibitor
Answer: An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Question 12: Clopidogrel
Answer: prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
Question 13: half-life (determines)
Answer: how often a drug is administered
Question 14: 4-5
Answer: steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Question 15: Warfarin (MOA)
Answer: -Vitamin K antagonist -Factors II, VII, IX, X -takes several days to take effect -monitor INR
Question 16: Vitamin K
Answer: warfarin antidote
Question 17: Heparin (MOA)
Answer: -rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and
Page 2
