Pharmacology (INBDE ) Practice
Questions and Answers 2026-2027
Edition.
Amide - Answer Local anesthetic category, metabolized in the liver; ex: lidocaine, bupivicaine,
mepivicaine, articaine, prilocaine
Ester - Answer Local anesthetic category, metabolized by pseudocholinesterase in plasma, less
commonly used due to higher toxicity and allergenicity due to methylparaben; ex: procaine,
cocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine
Lidocaine (xylocaine, 2%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, safest in children, pKa 7.8
Bupivicaine (marcaine, 0.5%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, not safe in children, longest
duration, pKa 8.1
Mepivicaine (carbocaine, polocaine, 2 and 3%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, causes least
vasodilation, only LA packaged without vasoconstrictor, pKa 7.6
Articaine (septocaine, 4%) - Answer Amide and ester local anesthetic, has one ester chain,
shortest duration, pKa 7.8
Prilocaine (citanest) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, methemglobinemia, pKa 7.8
Benzocaine - Answer Ester local anesthetic, commonly used as topical anesthetic
Local anesthetic - Answer Sodium channel blocker, only non-ionized form can penetrate
neuron membrane
Acidic - Answer Local anesthetic are less effective in ____ tissues
Pharmacodynamics - Answer What the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetics - Answer What the body does to the drug
Increases - Answer Greater lipid solubility ____ potency and duration of action
, Faster - Answer Lower pKa, ____ onset of action
Vasoconstrictor - Answer Purpose of ____: prolong numbness, reduce toxicity, promote
hemostasis
0.2 - Answer Maximum epinephrine for healthy patient: ____mg
0.04 - Answer Maximum epinephrine for cardiac patient: ____mg
4.4 - Answer Maximum lidocaine without vasoconstrictor: ____mg/kg
7 - Answer Maximum lidocaine with vasoconstrictor: ____mg/kg
Larger - Answer ____ diameter needles have better aspiration, less deflection, and less
breakage
Inferior alveolar nerve block - Answer Injection, highest failure rate, numbs all mandibular
teeth in quadrant, half of tongue (lingual nerve), lips and gingiva facial to anteriors and
premolars
Buccal nerve block - Answer Injection, done in tandem with IAN, numbs gingival buccal to
mandibular molars
Mental nerve block - Answer Injection, locate rubbery bundle with finger, mental foramen by
apices of mandibular premolars, numbs soft tissue facial to mandibular anteriors and premolars,
doesn't numb teeth
Incisive nerve block - Answer Injection, same as mental nerve block except hold pressure for
two minutes after injection to force anesthetic into mental foramen
Posterior superior alveolar block - Answer Injection, 16mm depth (half length of long needle),
45 degree angle up and in, high hematoma risk, numbs maxillary molars; if working on first
maxillary molar, MB portion might not get numb with this injection
Infaorbital block - Answer Injection, anesthetizes ASA and MSA, numbs maxillary anteriors and
premolars
Greater palatine nerve block - Answer Injection, greater palatine foramen, numbs posterior
hard palate
Questions and Answers 2026-2027
Edition.
Amide - Answer Local anesthetic category, metabolized in the liver; ex: lidocaine, bupivicaine,
mepivicaine, articaine, prilocaine
Ester - Answer Local anesthetic category, metabolized by pseudocholinesterase in plasma, less
commonly used due to higher toxicity and allergenicity due to methylparaben; ex: procaine,
cocaine, tetracaine, benzocaine
Lidocaine (xylocaine, 2%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, safest in children, pKa 7.8
Bupivicaine (marcaine, 0.5%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, not safe in children, longest
duration, pKa 8.1
Mepivicaine (carbocaine, polocaine, 2 and 3%) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, causes least
vasodilation, only LA packaged without vasoconstrictor, pKa 7.6
Articaine (septocaine, 4%) - Answer Amide and ester local anesthetic, has one ester chain,
shortest duration, pKa 7.8
Prilocaine (citanest) - Answer Amide local anesthetic, methemglobinemia, pKa 7.8
Benzocaine - Answer Ester local anesthetic, commonly used as topical anesthetic
Local anesthetic - Answer Sodium channel blocker, only non-ionized form can penetrate
neuron membrane
Acidic - Answer Local anesthetic are less effective in ____ tissues
Pharmacodynamics - Answer What the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetics - Answer What the body does to the drug
Increases - Answer Greater lipid solubility ____ potency and duration of action
, Faster - Answer Lower pKa, ____ onset of action
Vasoconstrictor - Answer Purpose of ____: prolong numbness, reduce toxicity, promote
hemostasis
0.2 - Answer Maximum epinephrine for healthy patient: ____mg
0.04 - Answer Maximum epinephrine for cardiac patient: ____mg
4.4 - Answer Maximum lidocaine without vasoconstrictor: ____mg/kg
7 - Answer Maximum lidocaine with vasoconstrictor: ____mg/kg
Larger - Answer ____ diameter needles have better aspiration, less deflection, and less
breakage
Inferior alveolar nerve block - Answer Injection, highest failure rate, numbs all mandibular
teeth in quadrant, half of tongue (lingual nerve), lips and gingiva facial to anteriors and
premolars
Buccal nerve block - Answer Injection, done in tandem with IAN, numbs gingival buccal to
mandibular molars
Mental nerve block - Answer Injection, locate rubbery bundle with finger, mental foramen by
apices of mandibular premolars, numbs soft tissue facial to mandibular anteriors and premolars,
doesn't numb teeth
Incisive nerve block - Answer Injection, same as mental nerve block except hold pressure for
two minutes after injection to force anesthetic into mental foramen
Posterior superior alveolar block - Answer Injection, 16mm depth (half length of long needle),
45 degree angle up and in, high hematoma risk, numbs maxillary molars; if working on first
maxillary molar, MB portion might not get numb with this injection
Infaorbital block - Answer Injection, anesthetizes ASA and MSA, numbs maxillary anteriors and
premolars
Greater palatine nerve block - Answer Injection, greater palatine foramen, numbs posterior
hard palate
