INBDE- Pharmacology Final Exam
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
Ester Local Anesthetics - Answer Procaine, Tetracaine and Cocaine
Amide Local Anesthetics - Answer Anything that is NOT Procaine, Tetracaine or Cocaine and
ends in "-caine"
Lidocaine - Answer 1. SAFEST to use in children
2. 2%
3. pKa = 7.8
Bupivacaine - Answer 1. LEAST SAFE to use in children
2. 0.5%
3. pKa = 8.1
Mepivicaine - Answer 1. Causes LEAST amount of Vasodilation, thus can be packaged
WITHOUT Epinephrine
2. 2% or 3%
3. pKa = 7.6
Articaine - Answer 1. Has an Ester Chain and Amide Chain, thus can be metabolized in BOTH
Liver and Plasma
2. 4%
3. pKa = 7.8
Where are Amides metabolized? - Answer Liver
Where are Esters metabolized? - Answer Plasma via Esterases
What toxic effect can Prilocaine cause? - Answer Methemoglobinemia
How do Local Anesthetics work? - Answer Block Na+ Channels
,What form of Local Anesthetics can cross membrane? - Answer Free Base or NON-Ionized
Short Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Procaine
Moderate Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Prilocaine, Mepivacaine and Lidocaine
Long Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Bupivacaine, Tetracaine and Etidocaine
What does increased blood flow do to drug duration? - Answer SHORTENS
What does increased lipid solubility/hydrophobicity do to drug potency and duration? - Answer
INCREASES
What does lower pKa do to drug activation time? - Answer Makes it FASTER
What does increased protein binding do to drug duration? - Answer INCREASES
MAX Epi for ASA I Patient - Answer 0.2mg
MAX Epi for Cardiac Patient - Answer 0.04mg (1x 1:50,000 or 2x 1:100,000 or 4x 1:200,000)
MAX Lido with Epi - Answer 4.4mg/kg
MAX Lido without Epi - Answer 7.0mg/kg
What is the injection technique that has highest risk of hematoma? - Answer PSA
How much of needle is required to enter for PSA? - Answer 16mm
Lidocaine and Propranolol - Answer 1. Propranolol DECREASES Lidocaine Breakdown
2. Compete for SAME Enzyme
Initially, Local Anesthetics inhibit... - Answer Central Inhibitory Neurons
,At greater doses, Local Anesthetics inhibit... - Answer BOTH Central Inhibitory and Excitatory
Neurons
Local Anesthesia and Graves Disease (Hyperthyroidism) - Answer Graves Disease =
Hyperthyroidism, which makes patient MORE SENSITIVE to LA
Cardiovascular collapse due to high dose of LA may be caused by - Answer Myocardial
Depression
What is the only Local Anesthesia that causes vasoconstriction? - Answer Cocaine
What Local Anesthesia can produce powerful stimulation of cerebral cortex? - Answer Cocaine
because it BLOCKS reuptake of NE, which potentiates nerve endings
Which antibiotics are not cross-allergenic with Penicillin? - Answer Macrolides like
Erythromycin
Penicillin prescription - Answer 250-500mg, dispense 30 (loading dose) or 28 and take 1 every
6 hrs until gone
Clindamycin prescription - Answer 150-300mg, dispense 21 and take 1 every 8 hrs until gone
Amoxicillin prescription - Answer 500mg, dispense 21 and take 1 every 8 hrs until gone
How do bactericidal antibiotics such as penicillin work? - Answer INHIBIT Cell Wall Synthesis
How do bacteriostatic antibiotics such as tetracycline work? - Answer INHIBIT Protein
Synthesis via BINDING to Ribosomes
Sulfonamides - Answer 1. Start with "Sulfa-" and Bactrim
2. Bacteriostatic
3. Compete with PABA, causing Folic Acid DEFICIENCY
Bactrim - Answer 1. Sulfa Drug
2. Combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Bacteriocidal Drug Classes - Answer 1. Penicillins
, 2. Fluoroquinolones
3. Monobactams
4. Carbapenems
5. Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones - Answer 1. End in "-Floxacin"
2. Bacteriocidal
3. DNA Synthesis INHIBITOR
Penicillin - Answer 1. Bacteriocidal
2. INHIBITS Cell Wall Synthesis with Beta-Lactam
3. CROSS-ALLERGENIC with Cephalosporins
Penicillin G - Answer 1. IV
2. MORE SENSITIVE to Acid Degradation
Penicillin V - Answer Oral
Amoxicillin - Answer BROAD Spectrum
Augmentin - Answer Amoxicillin + Clavulnate Acid (Beta Lactamase Resistant)
Methicillin and Dicloxacillin - Answer 1. Beta-Lactamase RESISTANT
2. BEST for Penicillinase-Producing Bugs
Which Penicillin is most effective against penicillinase-producing bugs? - Answer Dicloxacillin
Ampicillin - Answer BEST and BROADEST for GRAM NEG
Ampicillin and Oral Contraceptives - Answer Will DECREASE EFFICACY Oral Contraceptives due
to SUPPRESSION of GI Flora, which REDUCES Steroid recycling leading to INCREASED EXCRETION
Carbenicillin - Answer Specifically used against Pseudomonas
What symptoms are seen during allergic rxns to Penicillins? - Answer 1. Dermatitis
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
Ester Local Anesthetics - Answer Procaine, Tetracaine and Cocaine
Amide Local Anesthetics - Answer Anything that is NOT Procaine, Tetracaine or Cocaine and
ends in "-caine"
Lidocaine - Answer 1. SAFEST to use in children
2. 2%
3. pKa = 7.8
Bupivacaine - Answer 1. LEAST SAFE to use in children
2. 0.5%
3. pKa = 8.1
Mepivicaine - Answer 1. Causes LEAST amount of Vasodilation, thus can be packaged
WITHOUT Epinephrine
2. 2% or 3%
3. pKa = 7.6
Articaine - Answer 1. Has an Ester Chain and Amide Chain, thus can be metabolized in BOTH
Liver and Plasma
2. 4%
3. pKa = 7.8
Where are Amides metabolized? - Answer Liver
Where are Esters metabolized? - Answer Plasma via Esterases
What toxic effect can Prilocaine cause? - Answer Methemoglobinemia
How do Local Anesthetics work? - Answer Block Na+ Channels
,What form of Local Anesthetics can cross membrane? - Answer Free Base or NON-Ionized
Short Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Procaine
Moderate Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Prilocaine, Mepivacaine and Lidocaine
Long Acting Local Anesthetics - Answer Bupivacaine, Tetracaine and Etidocaine
What does increased blood flow do to drug duration? - Answer SHORTENS
What does increased lipid solubility/hydrophobicity do to drug potency and duration? - Answer
INCREASES
What does lower pKa do to drug activation time? - Answer Makes it FASTER
What does increased protein binding do to drug duration? - Answer INCREASES
MAX Epi for ASA I Patient - Answer 0.2mg
MAX Epi for Cardiac Patient - Answer 0.04mg (1x 1:50,000 or 2x 1:100,000 or 4x 1:200,000)
MAX Lido with Epi - Answer 4.4mg/kg
MAX Lido without Epi - Answer 7.0mg/kg
What is the injection technique that has highest risk of hematoma? - Answer PSA
How much of needle is required to enter for PSA? - Answer 16mm
Lidocaine and Propranolol - Answer 1. Propranolol DECREASES Lidocaine Breakdown
2. Compete for SAME Enzyme
Initially, Local Anesthetics inhibit... - Answer Central Inhibitory Neurons
,At greater doses, Local Anesthetics inhibit... - Answer BOTH Central Inhibitory and Excitatory
Neurons
Local Anesthesia and Graves Disease (Hyperthyroidism) - Answer Graves Disease =
Hyperthyroidism, which makes patient MORE SENSITIVE to LA
Cardiovascular collapse due to high dose of LA may be caused by - Answer Myocardial
Depression
What is the only Local Anesthesia that causes vasoconstriction? - Answer Cocaine
What Local Anesthesia can produce powerful stimulation of cerebral cortex? - Answer Cocaine
because it BLOCKS reuptake of NE, which potentiates nerve endings
Which antibiotics are not cross-allergenic with Penicillin? - Answer Macrolides like
Erythromycin
Penicillin prescription - Answer 250-500mg, dispense 30 (loading dose) or 28 and take 1 every
6 hrs until gone
Clindamycin prescription - Answer 150-300mg, dispense 21 and take 1 every 8 hrs until gone
Amoxicillin prescription - Answer 500mg, dispense 21 and take 1 every 8 hrs until gone
How do bactericidal antibiotics such as penicillin work? - Answer INHIBIT Cell Wall Synthesis
How do bacteriostatic antibiotics such as tetracycline work? - Answer INHIBIT Protein
Synthesis via BINDING to Ribosomes
Sulfonamides - Answer 1. Start with "Sulfa-" and Bactrim
2. Bacteriostatic
3. Compete with PABA, causing Folic Acid DEFICIENCY
Bactrim - Answer 1. Sulfa Drug
2. Combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Bacteriocidal Drug Classes - Answer 1. Penicillins
, 2. Fluoroquinolones
3. Monobactams
4. Carbapenems
5. Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones - Answer 1. End in "-Floxacin"
2. Bacteriocidal
3. DNA Synthesis INHIBITOR
Penicillin - Answer 1. Bacteriocidal
2. INHIBITS Cell Wall Synthesis with Beta-Lactam
3. CROSS-ALLERGENIC with Cephalosporins
Penicillin G - Answer 1. IV
2. MORE SENSITIVE to Acid Degradation
Penicillin V - Answer Oral
Amoxicillin - Answer BROAD Spectrum
Augmentin - Answer Amoxicillin + Clavulnate Acid (Beta Lactamase Resistant)
Methicillin and Dicloxacillin - Answer 1. Beta-Lactamase RESISTANT
2. BEST for Penicillinase-Producing Bugs
Which Penicillin is most effective against penicillinase-producing bugs? - Answer Dicloxacillin
Ampicillin - Answer BEST and BROADEST for GRAM NEG
Ampicillin and Oral Contraceptives - Answer Will DECREASE EFFICACY Oral Contraceptives due
to SUPPRESSION of GI Flora, which REDUCES Steroid recycling leading to INCREASED EXCRETION
Carbenicillin - Answer Specifically used against Pseudomonas
What symptoms are seen during allergic rxns to Penicillins? - Answer 1. Dermatitis
