NUR 3010 Final Exam Questions with Verified
Correct Answers
Epidemiology
-group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia-1/3 of diabetes cases
undiagnosed in USA
What are complications of diabetes?
-physical/social/economic-non-traumatic amputations and kidney disease-7th leading cause
of death in US-blindness, ED visits, risk for COVID (death)
What is insulin?
-Hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas-Secreted when we eat to move glucose from
blood into muscle liver and fat cells
What are the actions of insulin?
-move glucose into cells (energy)-stores glucose in the liver (glycogen) & muscles---signals
liver to stop release of glucose-enhances fat storage-inhibits breakdown of stored
glucose/protein/fat
How is diabetes diagnosed?
1. A1C of 6.5% or higher. (less than 5.7 is normal)
2. Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL. Fasting is defined as no caloric
intake for at least 8 hours.
3. Two-hour plasma glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during
an OGTT, using a glucose load of 75 g.
4. In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained
,weight loss) or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
What is prediabetes characterized by?
-Impaired glucose metabolism-Degree of hyperglycemia-NON-pharm interventions such as
health, diet, exercise and weight control
What is metabolic syndrome?
Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance,
prothrombotic or proinflammatory states-strongly associated with PAD and HD
What is DM Type 1?
-beta-cell destruction, unusually leading to ABSOLUTE insulin deficiency-autoimmune
disease
What is usually the first manifestation of diabetes mellitus?
diabetic ketoacidosis
How is Type 1 DM managed?
-IV/SQ insulin, no PO-Basal (continuously acting)->control glucose levels by the liver---
Lantus or Levemir-Bolus (single doses)->controls carb intake---Novolog or Humalog
What is DM Type 2?
progressive insulin secretory defect in addition to insulin RESISTANCE
Where are majority of type 2 DM cases seen?
adults especially who have metabolic syndrome
What are other subcategories of diabetes?
,Gestational (pregnant women)
-oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
Ketosis prone type 2 (KPT2)
What is the glycated hemoglobin A1C goal?
less than 7% for the vast majority of diabetics -changes for risk factors -lower goals incase of
hypoglycemia with age and pregnant women
What is considered hyperglycemia, when do symptoms show?
>125 fasting, >180 2 hours post prandial200-300+ for symptoms
What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
3 Ps: Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
-fatigue, and blurred vision
-later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the breath, abdominal pain,
or coma.
What kind of medication or factors increase blood sugar?
- STERIODS
- STRESS
What is considered hypoglycemia, where is it seen more?
-BS <70
-Common in T1 DM
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
, Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness, diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache -late
signs include seizures, loss of consciousness, and death.
How do we manage hypoglycemia?
Nonpharm:
--RULE OF 15s: 15g of fast acting carbs, recheck BG in 15 minutes
--Low fat so not whole but skim milk
Pharm:->if NPO or not alert
--Glucagon 1mg IM (intranasal) or D50W 25-50mL IV
What are other PE findings in diabetic patients?
-BP, BMI
-Visual acuity
-Feet (signs of delayed wound healing, weak pulses, infection)
-Skin (acanthosis nigricans and lipodystrophy)
-Neurologic
-Oral (thrush risk)
What is lipohypertrophy?
A lump under the skin caused by accumulation of extra fat and scar tissue at site of too may
subcutaneous injections
What is acanthosis nigricans?
skin and intertriginous zones (genital and axillary regions and nape of neck) is hyperkeratotic
and hyperpigmented (velvety appearance)-associated with hyperglycemia
What are labs associated with diabetes?
Correct Answers
Epidemiology
-group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia-1/3 of diabetes cases
undiagnosed in USA
What are complications of diabetes?
-physical/social/economic-non-traumatic amputations and kidney disease-7th leading cause
of death in US-blindness, ED visits, risk for COVID (death)
What is insulin?
-Hormone secreted by beta cells in pancreas-Secreted when we eat to move glucose from
blood into muscle liver and fat cells
What are the actions of insulin?
-move glucose into cells (energy)-stores glucose in the liver (glycogen) & muscles---signals
liver to stop release of glucose-enhances fat storage-inhibits breakdown of stored
glucose/protein/fat
How is diabetes diagnosed?
1. A1C of 6.5% or higher. (less than 5.7 is normal)
2. Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL. Fasting is defined as no caloric
intake for at least 8 hours.
3. Two-hour plasma glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during
an OGTT, using a glucose load of 75 g.
4. In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained
,weight loss) or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200
mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
What is prediabetes characterized by?
-Impaired glucose metabolism-Degree of hyperglycemia-NON-pharm interventions such as
health, diet, exercise and weight control
What is metabolic syndrome?
Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance,
prothrombotic or proinflammatory states-strongly associated with PAD and HD
What is DM Type 1?
-beta-cell destruction, unusually leading to ABSOLUTE insulin deficiency-autoimmune
disease
What is usually the first manifestation of diabetes mellitus?
diabetic ketoacidosis
How is Type 1 DM managed?
-IV/SQ insulin, no PO-Basal (continuously acting)->control glucose levels by the liver---
Lantus or Levemir-Bolus (single doses)->controls carb intake---Novolog or Humalog
What is DM Type 2?
progressive insulin secretory defect in addition to insulin RESISTANCE
Where are majority of type 2 DM cases seen?
adults especially who have metabolic syndrome
What are other subcategories of diabetes?
,Gestational (pregnant women)
-oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
Ketosis prone type 2 (KPT2)
What is the glycated hemoglobin A1C goal?
less than 7% for the vast majority of diabetics -changes for risk factors -lower goals incase of
hypoglycemia with age and pregnant women
What is considered hyperglycemia, when do symptoms show?
>125 fasting, >180 2 hours post prandial200-300+ for symptoms
What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
3 Ps: Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
-fatigue, and blurred vision
-later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the breath, abdominal pain,
or coma.
What kind of medication or factors increase blood sugar?
- STERIODS
- STRESS
What is considered hypoglycemia, where is it seen more?
-BS <70
-Common in T1 DM
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
, Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness, diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache -late
signs include seizures, loss of consciousness, and death.
How do we manage hypoglycemia?
Nonpharm:
--RULE OF 15s: 15g of fast acting carbs, recheck BG in 15 minutes
--Low fat so not whole but skim milk
Pharm:->if NPO or not alert
--Glucagon 1mg IM (intranasal) or D50W 25-50mL IV
What are other PE findings in diabetic patients?
-BP, BMI
-Visual acuity
-Feet (signs of delayed wound healing, weak pulses, infection)
-Skin (acanthosis nigricans and lipodystrophy)
-Neurologic
-Oral (thrush risk)
What is lipohypertrophy?
A lump under the skin caused by accumulation of extra fat and scar tissue at site of too may
subcutaneous injections
What is acanthosis nigricans?
skin and intertriginous zones (genital and axillary regions and nape of neck) is hyperkeratotic
and hyperpigmented (velvety appearance)-associated with hyperglycemia
What are labs associated with diabetes?
