Semmelweis Entrance Exam
Medicine Biology 2026 Guide with
complete solution
Course
Semmelweis Entrance
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through oxidative
phosphorylation?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transport chain and
ATP synthase. Mitochondria also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
2. Which molecule forms the main structural basis of the plasma membrane?
A. Glycogen
B. Phospholipids
C. DNA
D. Cellulose
Correct Answer: B. Phospholipids
Rationale: The plasma membrane is primarily a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins,
cholesterol, and carbohydrates. The hydrophilic heads face aqueous environments while the
hydrophobic tails face inward.
3. A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm. What
will most likely happen?
A. Water enters the cell
B. Water leaves the cell
C. Solute leaves by active transport
D. No water movement occurs
,Correct Answer: B. Water leaves the cell
Rationale: The external solution is hypertonic relative to the cell. Water moves by osmosis
from the region of higher water potential toward lower water potential, causing the cell to lose
water.
4. Which structure is directly responsible for assembling proteins?
A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Centriole
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A. Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes translate messenger RNA into polypeptide chains. Ribosomes attached to
rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly synthesize proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or
certain organelles.
5. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages many proteins received from the
endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Nucleus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum,
modifies them, and sorts them into vesicles for their destinations.
6. Which process produces two genetically similar daughter cells from one somatic cell?
A. Meiosis
B. Fertilization
C. Mitosis
D. Crossing over
Correct Answer: C. Mitosis
, Rationale: Mitosis produces two daughter cells that generally have the same chromosome
number and genetic information as the parent cell. It is important for growth, tissue maintenance,
and repair.
7. During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Correct Answer: C. Anaphase
Rationale: During anaphase, centromeres separate and sister chromatids are pulled toward
opposite poles of the cell by the mitotic spindle.
8. What is the major biological significance of meiosis?
A. Production of genetically identical somatic cells
B. Production of haploid gametes and genetic variation
C. Repair of damaged tissues
D. Duplication of mitochondrial DNA
Correct Answer: B. Production of haploid gametes and genetic variation
Rationale: Meiosis reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid and contributes to
genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
9. Which event occurs during prophase I of meiosis but not ordinary mitosis?
A. DNA replication
B. Chromosome condensation
C. Synapsis and crossing over
D. Spindle formation
Correct Answer: C. Synapsis and crossing over
Rationale: Homologous chromosomes pair during prophase I of meiosis. Crossing over between
homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material and increase genetic diversity.
10. Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
Medicine Biology 2026 Guide with
complete solution
Course
Semmelweis Entrance
1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through oxidative
phosphorylation?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transport chain and
ATP synthase. Mitochondria also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
2. Which molecule forms the main structural basis of the plasma membrane?
A. Glycogen
B. Phospholipids
C. DNA
D. Cellulose
Correct Answer: B. Phospholipids
Rationale: The plasma membrane is primarily a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins,
cholesterol, and carbohydrates. The hydrophilic heads face aqueous environments while the
hydrophobic tails face inward.
3. A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm. What
will most likely happen?
A. Water enters the cell
B. Water leaves the cell
C. Solute leaves by active transport
D. No water movement occurs
,Correct Answer: B. Water leaves the cell
Rationale: The external solution is hypertonic relative to the cell. Water moves by osmosis
from the region of higher water potential toward lower water potential, causing the cell to lose
water.
4. Which structure is directly responsible for assembling proteins?
A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Centriole
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A. Ribosome
Rationale: Ribosomes translate messenger RNA into polypeptide chains. Ribosomes attached to
rough endoplasmic reticulum mainly synthesize proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or
certain organelles.
5. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages many proteins received from the
endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Nucleus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum,
modifies them, and sorts them into vesicles for their destinations.
6. Which process produces two genetically similar daughter cells from one somatic cell?
A. Meiosis
B. Fertilization
C. Mitosis
D. Crossing over
Correct Answer: C. Mitosis
, Rationale: Mitosis produces two daughter cells that generally have the same chromosome
number and genetic information as the parent cell. It is important for growth, tissue maintenance,
and repair.
7. During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Correct Answer: C. Anaphase
Rationale: During anaphase, centromeres separate and sister chromatids are pulled toward
opposite poles of the cell by the mitotic spindle.
8. What is the major biological significance of meiosis?
A. Production of genetically identical somatic cells
B. Production of haploid gametes and genetic variation
C. Repair of damaged tissues
D. Duplication of mitochondrial DNA
Correct Answer: B. Production of haploid gametes and genetic variation
Rationale: Meiosis reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid and contributes to
genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
9. Which event occurs during prophase I of meiosis but not ordinary mitosis?
A. DNA replication
B. Chromosome condensation
C. Synapsis and crossing over
D. Spindle formation
Correct Answer: C. Synapsis and crossing over
Rationale: Homologous chromosomes pair during prophase I of meiosis. Crossing over between
homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material and increase genetic diversity.
10. Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
