PS 102, 103, 105, 201 Final Exam with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
"Latent errors" are best defined as:
A. Mistakes in patient care that providers fail to report due to fear of punishment.
B. Errors in patient care that don't ever result in harm and thus go undetected.
C. Errors in patient care that cause immediate adverse effects.
D. Defects in the design and organization of processes and systems. - Answer D. Defects in the
design and organization of processes and systems.
Two women — one named Camilla Tyler, the other named Camilla Taylor — arrive at a
particularly busy emergency department at about the same time. Ms. Tyler needs a sedative,
and Ms. Taylor needs an antibiotic. The doctor orders the medications, but mixes up the
patients when filling out the order sheets. The pharmacist dispenses the medications as
ordered, and the nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
What is one of the latent errors in this scenario?
A. The two patients in this case have very similar names.
B. The emergency department is particularly busy.
C. The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
D. The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients. - Answer D. The
forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients.
Two women — one named Camilla Tyler, the other named Camilla Taylor — arrive at a
particularly busy emergency department at about the same time. Ms. Tyler needs a sedative,
and Ms. Taylor needs an antibiotic. The doctor orders the medications, but mixes up the
patients when filling out the order sheets. The pharmacist dispenses the medications as
ordered, and the nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
What is the active error in this scenario?
A. The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
B. The pharmacist doesn't notice that the order sheets are incorrectly filled out.
C. The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients.
D. The emergency department is particularly busy. - Answer A. The nurse administers an
antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
,Nearing the end of her 18-hour work shift, a resident sees a patient with extremely high blood
glucose levels. She writes the patient a prescription for insulin; however, in her exhaustion, she
closes her "U" (for "units"), and it looks more like an extra zero. As a result, the pharmacist
dispenses an insulin dose that's ten times stronger than the patient needs.
To prevent this problem from happening again, which of the following would be the best course
of action?
A. Punish the resident and the pharmacist for their careless actions.
B. Require both the resident and the pharmacist to take additional training.
C. Ensure that no prescribing physician is ever tired or distracted.
D. Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing miscommunication that
leads to error. - Answer D. Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing
miscommunication that leads to error.
Nearing the end of her 18-hour work shift, a resident sees a patient with extremely high blood
glucose levels. She writes the patient a prescription for insulin; however, in her exhaustion, she
closes her "U" (for "units"), and it looks more like an extra zero. As a result, the pharmacist
dispenses an insulin dose that's ten times stronger than the patient needs.
Which of the following is a latent unsafe condition in the system that contributes to the
resident's error?
A. Long work schedule
B. Fatigue
C. Inadequate training
D. None of the above - Answer A. Long work schedule
Subha, a nurse practitioner, is seeing Mr. Dooley in clinic. Mr. Dooley is a 55-year-old man who
presents with a high fasting blood glucose. Subha diagnoses him with Type II diabetes. Several
years later, however, an endocrinologist performs some additional testing and finds that Mr.
Dooley actually has adult-onset Type I diabetes.
Which of the following types of errors does this story best demonstrate?
A. Lapse
B. Slip
C. Violation
D. Mistake - Answer D. Mistake
Which of the following is the most significant advantage of shifting to a systems view of safety
within health care?
, A. It is easier to identify and remove people who are unsafe.
B. It allows us to change the conditions under which humans work.
C. It prevents human mistakes.
D. It allows us to view unsafe acts as violations.
E. All of the above - Answer B. It allows us to change the conditions under which humans
work.
At University Hospital, the rate of staphylococcus aureus infection has doubled during the past
year. After reviewing the data, the hospital's senior leaders conclude that staff are intentionally
disregarding the hand hygiene policy because the hand sanitizer dries out their hands. The
leadership plans to run a test in which they provide a new type of hand sanitizer which contains
lotion.
What type of unsafe act is this intervention best designed to address?
A. Mistake
B. Slip
C. Lapse
D. Violation - Answer D. Violation
The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist is BEST equipped to address
which type of error?
A. Lapse
B. Mistake
C. Violation
D. Slip - Answer A. Lapse
Roger, a pharmacist in a hospital, is working in the discharge pharmacy filling medications for
patients who are going home. He sees a prescription for ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, and he asks
his pharmacy technician Mike to fill it quickly, as the patient is waiting and anxious to leave.
Mike checks the shelves and sees they are out of ciprofloxacin, but they do have levofloxacin (an
antibiotic in the same class that covers most, but not all, of the same types of infections). Mike
knows he should usually check with the prescribing physician before making a substitution.
However, in the interest of efficiency in this particular case, Mike deems it OK to go ahead. He
substitutes the medications.
This is an example of what type of unsafe act?
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026-2027
Updated.
"Latent errors" are best defined as:
A. Mistakes in patient care that providers fail to report due to fear of punishment.
B. Errors in patient care that don't ever result in harm and thus go undetected.
C. Errors in patient care that cause immediate adverse effects.
D. Defects in the design and organization of processes and systems. - Answer D. Defects in the
design and organization of processes and systems.
Two women — one named Camilla Tyler, the other named Camilla Taylor — arrive at a
particularly busy emergency department at about the same time. Ms. Tyler needs a sedative,
and Ms. Taylor needs an antibiotic. The doctor orders the medications, but mixes up the
patients when filling out the order sheets. The pharmacist dispenses the medications as
ordered, and the nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
What is one of the latent errors in this scenario?
A. The two patients in this case have very similar names.
B. The emergency department is particularly busy.
C. The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
D. The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients. - Answer D. The
forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients.
Two women — one named Camilla Tyler, the other named Camilla Taylor — arrive at a
particularly busy emergency department at about the same time. Ms. Tyler needs a sedative,
and Ms. Taylor needs an antibiotic. The doctor orders the medications, but mixes up the
patients when filling out the order sheets. The pharmacist dispenses the medications as
ordered, and the nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
What is the active error in this scenario?
A. The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
B. The pharmacist doesn't notice that the order sheets are incorrectly filled out.
C. The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients.
D. The emergency department is particularly busy. - Answer A. The nurse administers an
antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor.
,Nearing the end of her 18-hour work shift, a resident sees a patient with extremely high blood
glucose levels. She writes the patient a prescription for insulin; however, in her exhaustion, she
closes her "U" (for "units"), and it looks more like an extra zero. As a result, the pharmacist
dispenses an insulin dose that's ten times stronger than the patient needs.
To prevent this problem from happening again, which of the following would be the best course
of action?
A. Punish the resident and the pharmacist for their careless actions.
B. Require both the resident and the pharmacist to take additional training.
C. Ensure that no prescribing physician is ever tired or distracted.
D. Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing miscommunication that
leads to error. - Answer D. Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing
miscommunication that leads to error.
Nearing the end of her 18-hour work shift, a resident sees a patient with extremely high blood
glucose levels. She writes the patient a prescription for insulin; however, in her exhaustion, she
closes her "U" (for "units"), and it looks more like an extra zero. As a result, the pharmacist
dispenses an insulin dose that's ten times stronger than the patient needs.
Which of the following is a latent unsafe condition in the system that contributes to the
resident's error?
A. Long work schedule
B. Fatigue
C. Inadequate training
D. None of the above - Answer A. Long work schedule
Subha, a nurse practitioner, is seeing Mr. Dooley in clinic. Mr. Dooley is a 55-year-old man who
presents with a high fasting blood glucose. Subha diagnoses him with Type II diabetes. Several
years later, however, an endocrinologist performs some additional testing and finds that Mr.
Dooley actually has adult-onset Type I diabetes.
Which of the following types of errors does this story best demonstrate?
A. Lapse
B. Slip
C. Violation
D. Mistake - Answer D. Mistake
Which of the following is the most significant advantage of shifting to a systems view of safety
within health care?
, A. It is easier to identify and remove people who are unsafe.
B. It allows us to change the conditions under which humans work.
C. It prevents human mistakes.
D. It allows us to view unsafe acts as violations.
E. All of the above - Answer B. It allows us to change the conditions under which humans
work.
At University Hospital, the rate of staphylococcus aureus infection has doubled during the past
year. After reviewing the data, the hospital's senior leaders conclude that staff are intentionally
disregarding the hand hygiene policy because the hand sanitizer dries out their hands. The
leadership plans to run a test in which they provide a new type of hand sanitizer which contains
lotion.
What type of unsafe act is this intervention best designed to address?
A. Mistake
B. Slip
C. Lapse
D. Violation - Answer D. Violation
The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist is BEST equipped to address
which type of error?
A. Lapse
B. Mistake
C. Violation
D. Slip - Answer A. Lapse
Roger, a pharmacist in a hospital, is working in the discharge pharmacy filling medications for
patients who are going home. He sees a prescription for ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, and he asks
his pharmacy technician Mike to fill it quickly, as the patient is waiting and anxious to leave.
Mike checks the shelves and sees they are out of ciprofloxacin, but they do have levofloxacin (an
antibiotic in the same class that covers most, but not all, of the same types of infections). Mike
knows he should usually check with the prescribing physician before making a substitution.
However, in the interest of efficiency in this particular case, Mike deems it OK to go ahead. He
substitutes the medications.
This is an example of what type of unsafe act?
