IHI PS 202 Final Exam Questions with All
Solved Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
According to WHO, in developed countries worldwide, what is the approximate likelihood that a
hospitalized patient will be harmed while receiving care?
A <1%
B 10%
C 50%
D >75% - Answer B 10%
Since the publication of To Err Is Human in 1999, the health care industry overall has seen which
of the following improvements?
(A) A 75 percent reduction in preventable medical errors
(B) Stronger repercussions for providers who commit preventable medical errors
(C) Wider awareness that preventable errors are a problem
(D) Wider recognition that medical errors are most often attributable to individual performance
(E) All of the above - Answer C wider awareness that preventable errors are a problem
Safety has been called a "dynamic non-event" because when humans are in a potentially
hazardous environment:
(A) It is natural to establish and follow safe practices
(B) It requires the same kind of thinking that causes problems to set them right
(C) It takes significant work to ensure nothing bad happens
(D) There is generally a high prevalence of "near misses" - Answer C it take significant work to
ensure nothing bad happens
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is having
vomiting and diarrhea. Having trouble remembering the guidelines for calculating fluid
replacement rates for very small children, James asks Maria, a nurse on the unit. Maria
responds, "You're the doctor. It's your job to decide this." James picks a rate that is much too
high, putting the child into fluid overload.
To prevent this type of error from recurring in this unit, which of the following is MOST
important?
,(A) Clear medical guidelines for fluid replacement in patients of all ages
(B) An improved culture of safety and teamwork
(C) Closer supervision of residents, especially in the first year
(D) More severe, well-publicized consequences for providers who are reckless - Answer B an
improved culture of teamwork and safety
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is having
vomiting and diarrhea. Having trouble remembering the guidelines for calculating fluid
replacement rates for very small children, James asks Maria, a nurse on the unit. Maria
responds, "You're the doctor. It's your job to decide this." James picks a rate that is much too
high, putting the child into fluid overload.
Who is likely to be negatively affected by this medical error?
(A) The patient and his family
(B) James (the first-year surgery resident)
(C) Maria (the nurse on the unit)
(D) All of the above - Answer D all of the above
Approximately what percentage of US adults have experienced a medical error in their own or a
family member's care at some point in their life?
(A) 1 percent
(B) 5 percent
(C) 33 percent
(D) 66 percent - Answer c 33%
"Patient safety" means:
(A) Eliminating medical error and preventable harm in health care
(B) Eliminating waste in health care services
(C) Eliminating health inequities in populations
(D) All of the above - Answer eliminating medical error and preventable harm in health care
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to immediately start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is
experiencing vomiting and diarrhea. James has recently learned the guidelines for calculating
, fluid replacement rates for very small children; however, he confuses them and picks a rate that
is too high.
Which of the following reasons that errors often occur in health care most clearly played a role
in this scenario?
(A) Diagnosing and treating patients is incredibly complex and often performed under time
pressure and/or with insufficient information.
(B) The "culture of safety" (meaning the attitudes, perceptions, and values that employees
share in relation to safety) may be weak in health care compared to other high-risk industries.
(C) Providers may not be prepared to work as a well-integrated team, so multiple caregive -
Answer Diagnosing and treating patients in incredibly complex and often performed under
time pressure and/or with insufficient information.
Since the IOM published To Err Is Human in 1999, the health care industry has seen which of the
following improvements?
(A) A drastic reduction in preventable medical errors
(B) Stronger repercussions for providers who commit medical errors
(C) Wider recognition that medical errors are most often attributable to individual performance
(D) None of the above - Answer none of the above
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to immediately start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is
experiencing vomiting and diarrhea. James has recently learned the guidelines for calculating
fluid replacement rates for very small children; however, he confuses them and picks a rate that
is too high.
To prevent this type of error from recurring in this unit, which of the following is MOST
important?
(A) Clearer medical guidelines for fluid replacement in patients of all ages
(B) An improved culture of safety
(C) A change to the system, so that it does not rely as heavily on human memory
(D) More severe, well-publicized consequences for providers who are reckless - Answer (C) A
change to the system, so that it does not rely as heavily on human memory
What is most likely to happen if a health system punishes an individual for an unintended error
that was the result of a systems problem?
(A) Staff may be less likely to talk openly about and learn from errors.
Solved Solutions 2026-2027 Updated.
According to WHO, in developed countries worldwide, what is the approximate likelihood that a
hospitalized patient will be harmed while receiving care?
A <1%
B 10%
C 50%
D >75% - Answer B 10%
Since the publication of To Err Is Human in 1999, the health care industry overall has seen which
of the following improvements?
(A) A 75 percent reduction in preventable medical errors
(B) Stronger repercussions for providers who commit preventable medical errors
(C) Wider awareness that preventable errors are a problem
(D) Wider recognition that medical errors are most often attributable to individual performance
(E) All of the above - Answer C wider awareness that preventable errors are a problem
Safety has been called a "dynamic non-event" because when humans are in a potentially
hazardous environment:
(A) It is natural to establish and follow safe practices
(B) It requires the same kind of thinking that causes problems to set them right
(C) It takes significant work to ensure nothing bad happens
(D) There is generally a high prevalence of "near misses" - Answer C it take significant work to
ensure nothing bad happens
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is having
vomiting and diarrhea. Having trouble remembering the guidelines for calculating fluid
replacement rates for very small children, James asks Maria, a nurse on the unit. Maria
responds, "You're the doctor. It's your job to decide this." James picks a rate that is much too
high, putting the child into fluid overload.
To prevent this type of error from recurring in this unit, which of the following is MOST
important?
,(A) Clear medical guidelines for fluid replacement in patients of all ages
(B) An improved culture of safety and teamwork
(C) Closer supervision of residents, especially in the first year
(D) More severe, well-publicized consequences for providers who are reckless - Answer B an
improved culture of teamwork and safety
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is having
vomiting and diarrhea. Having trouble remembering the guidelines for calculating fluid
replacement rates for very small children, James asks Maria, a nurse on the unit. Maria
responds, "You're the doctor. It's your job to decide this." James picks a rate that is much too
high, putting the child into fluid overload.
Who is likely to be negatively affected by this medical error?
(A) The patient and his family
(B) James (the first-year surgery resident)
(C) Maria (the nurse on the unit)
(D) All of the above - Answer D all of the above
Approximately what percentage of US adults have experienced a medical error in their own or a
family member's care at some point in their life?
(A) 1 percent
(B) 5 percent
(C) 33 percent
(D) 66 percent - Answer c 33%
"Patient safety" means:
(A) Eliminating medical error and preventable harm in health care
(B) Eliminating waste in health care services
(C) Eliminating health inequities in populations
(D) All of the above - Answer eliminating medical error and preventable harm in health care
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to immediately start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is
experiencing vomiting and diarrhea. James has recently learned the guidelines for calculating
, fluid replacement rates for very small children; however, he confuses them and picks a rate that
is too high.
Which of the following reasons that errors often occur in health care most clearly played a role
in this scenario?
(A) Diagnosing and treating patients is incredibly complex and often performed under time
pressure and/or with insufficient information.
(B) The "culture of safety" (meaning the attitudes, perceptions, and values that employees
share in relation to safety) may be weak in health care compared to other high-risk industries.
(C) Providers may not be prepared to work as a well-integrated team, so multiple caregive -
Answer Diagnosing and treating patients in incredibly complex and often performed under
time pressure and/or with insufficient information.
Since the IOM published To Err Is Human in 1999, the health care industry has seen which of the
following improvements?
(A) A drastic reduction in preventable medical errors
(B) Stronger repercussions for providers who commit medical errors
(C) Wider recognition that medical errors are most often attributable to individual performance
(D) None of the above - Answer none of the above
James is a first-year surgery resident on his first pediatric rotation. His attending (consultant)
asks him to immediately start intravenous (IV) replacement fluids on a two-year-old boy who is
experiencing vomiting and diarrhea. James has recently learned the guidelines for calculating
fluid replacement rates for very small children; however, he confuses them and picks a rate that
is too high.
To prevent this type of error from recurring in this unit, which of the following is MOST
important?
(A) Clearer medical guidelines for fluid replacement in patients of all ages
(B) An improved culture of safety
(C) A change to the system, so that it does not rely as heavily on human memory
(D) More severe, well-publicized consequences for providers who are reckless - Answer (C) A
change to the system, so that it does not rely as heavily on human memory
What is most likely to happen if a health system punishes an individual for an unintended error
that was the result of a systems problem?
(A) Staff may be less likely to talk openly about and learn from errors.
