Politics: East Asia
Contents
Xu Zhangrun. Imminent Fears, Immediate Hopes - A Beijing Jeremiad. 2017.
http://chinaheritage.net/journal/imminent-fears-immediate-hopes-a-beijing-jeremiad/....................6
Four basic principles...........................................................................................................................6
Eight imminent fears..........................................................................................................................7
Eight immediate hopes (policy suggestions).......................................................................................9
In what is a period of transition........................................................................................................11
[Video:] Zhang Weiwei. Liberal democracy may be right for the West, but would be wrong for China.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwQx3n29QtY...........................................................................11
Fell, Dafydd. Government and politics in Taiwan. (Routledge, 2012) Chapter 2,3,4: p. 10-55. Leiden
online access: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2048/ehost/detail/detail?
vid=0&sid=d6276ac6-ee61-4542-bad5-62571c9c7255%40pdc-
vsessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=nlebk&AN=443840...........................12
Authoritarian rule: the politics of martial law in Taiwan..................................................................12
Transition to democracy and democratic consolidation...................................................................14
Taiwan’s government and constitutional structure..........................................................................15
Rowen, Ian. "Inside Taiwan's Sunflower Movement: Twenty-four days in a student-occupied
parliament, and the future of the region." The Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (2015): 5-21..........15
The soil that sprouted the sunflowers..............................................................................................17
Occupied days and nights.................................................................................................................17
The legislative yuan reterritorialized as the office of an ad hoc opposition......................................18
The capital district reterritorialized as a microcosm of civil society.................................................18
From occupation to mass rally to exodus.........................................................................................18
Aftermath: a scattering and sprouting of the seeds.........................................................................18
[Video (watch after reading the above):] Treasure Island: Protests in Taiwan. Vice News, 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zojh-rnctVw..............................................................................19
Fu Hualing. Political protest in high income societies: The Case of the Occupy Central Movement in
Hong Kong. In Jones, Brian Christopher, ed. Law and Politics of the Taiwan Sunflower and Hong Kong
Umbrella Movements. Taylor & Francis, 2017: p. 83-99. Leiden online access: https://ebookcentral-
proquestcom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/lib/leidenuniv/reader.action?docID=4831518 (Go to “Part
II” then scroll down to page 83)...........................................................................................................20
Introduction......................................................................................................................................20
The burden of “one country, two systems”......................................................................................21
Hong Kong’s frustration....................................................................................................................22
The OCM and popular constitutionalism..........................................................................................23
Hong Kong’s fragility.........................................................................................................................24
1
, The double-edged sword of rule of law............................................................................................24
A polarized society continues to radicalize.......................................................................................25
The OCM, the strength and the vulnerability of Hong Kong.............................................................26
Fung, Anthony Y. H. & Chan, Chi Kit (2017), 'Post-Handover Identity: Contested Cultural Bonding
between China and Hong Kong'. Chinese Journal of Communication, 10(4), 395-412.........................27
Woo, Jongseok. "Political conflicts and democracy after democratization." In Yangmo Ku, Inyeop Lee,
Jongseok Woo, ed. Politics in North and South Korea, pp. 49-70. Routledge, 2017. Leiden online
access: https://www-taylorfranciscom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/books/e/9781315627014/
chapters/10.4324/9781315627014-4...................................................................................................28
The rise and fall of progressive politics (1998–2008)........................................................................29
After his fourth run: the Kim Dae-Jung presidency (1998–2003)..................................................29
A human rights lawyer: the Roh Moo-Hyun presidency (2003-2008)...........................................30
Resurgence of conservative politics (2008-2017).............................................................................31
The Korea 7-4-7 plan: the lee Myung-Bak presidency (2008-2013)..............................................32
The conservative icon: the Park Guen-Hye presidency (2013-2017)............................................33
Lie, John (2015), 'The Wreck of the Sewol: The Sinking South Korean Body Politic'. Georgetown
Journal of International Affairs, 16(2): 111-121....................................................................................35
“South Korea protests continue.” Al-Jazeera, 12 Nov 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=XlRVZ3XzJeE......................................................................................................................................36
Isozaki, Atsuhito. Understanding the North Korean Regime. Wilson Center, 2017: p 1-53..................37
Kushner, Barak. "Nationality and nostalgia: The manipulation of memory in Japan, Taiwan, and China
since 1990." The International History Review 29, no. 4 (2007): 793-820............................................39
Togo, Kazuhiko. "Japan's Historical Memory: Reconciliation with Asia." ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL-JAPAN
FOCUS 6, no. 12 (2008).........................................................................................................................45
He, Yinan. “History, Chinese Nationalism and the Emerging Sino–Japanese Conflict.” Journal of
Contemporary China 16, no. 50 (2007): 1-24.......................................................................................47
Shadows of the past.........................................................................................................................47
Past in the present: old and new myths...........................................................................................48
Beijing’s tied hands...........................................................................................................................49
Triple sources of trouble: Taiwan, offshore islands and maritime resources...................................49
No safety valve.................................................................................................................................50
Towards a real new thinking.............................................................................................................51
Pugliese, Giulio. "The China Challenge, Abe Shinzo's Realism, and the Limits of Japanese
Nationalism." SAIS Review of International Affairs 35, no. 2 (2015): 45-55..........................................51
Introduction: “men with wicked thoughts” at Japan’s doorstep?....................................................52
The China challenge, the Senakaku/Diaoyu crisis, and top-down nationalism.................................52
The realpolitik of top-down nationalism: boosting morale and cementing resolve.........................52
The realpolitik of top-down nationalism II: “dangers” aimed at a security policy shift....................53
2
, Limits and complications of Tokyo’s top-down push........................................................................53
Auton, Graeme. "Nationalism, Populism, Realism and the Intensification of East Asia's Maritime
Disputes: The Northern Territories, Dokdo/Takeshima and Daoiyu/Senkaku." In Proceedings of Law
and Political Sciences Conferences, no. 7410005. International Institute of Social and Economic
Sciences, 2018. https://ideas.repec.org/p/sek/ilppro/7410005.html..................................................54
The southern kuriles/northern territories dispute...........................................................................56
The Dokdo/takeshima (Liancourt rocks) dispute..............................................................................57
The daoiyu/Senkaku dispute............................................................................................................57
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................58
Allison, Graham. “The Thucydides Trap: Are the US and China headed for war?” The Atlantic, 14
September 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/united-stateschina-
war-thucydides-trap/406756/..............................................................................................................62
Tobin, Daniel. “How Xi Jinping’s “New Era” Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions.”
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (2020).
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep24771.pdf............................................................................65
Developing china into a global leader as the party’s consistent aim................................................65
The Role of Marxist-Leninist Socialism in the Party’s Strategy.........................................................66
A China-centric, Integrated Global Order in the New Era.................................................................67
Conclusion and Recommendations for the U.S. Congress................................................................68
[Video:] Kishore Mahbubani. How the West can adapt to a rising Asia. TED talk, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsJWs6Z6eNs............................................................................69
Hasegawa, Kōichi. "Continuities and discontinuities of Japan’s political activism before and after the
Fukushima disaster." In Social movements and political activism in contemporary Japan: Re-emerging
from Invisibility (Taylor and Francis, 2018), pp. 115-136. Leiden online access: https://www-
taylorfranciscom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/books/e/9781315107790/chapters/
10.4324/9781315107790-6..................................................................................................................73
Analysis based on social movement theory......................................................................................74
Before Fukushima: four periods of anti-nuclear activism and the closed POS..................................75
Anti-nuclear arms: the early stage (up to 1973)...............................................................................75
Blocking construction of nuclear power plants: the pre-Chernobyl stage (1973–1986)...................76
Grassroots activities in metropolitan areas: the post-Chernobyl stage (1986–1992).......................76
Deadlock of nuclear policy and anti-plutonium activities: the anti-plutonium stage (1992–2011). .76
A stable and coherent policy before the Fukushima accident..........................................................77
The post-Fukushima reality and structural causes of the accident...................................................77
Freestyle “sound-based protest” after the Fukushima accident.......................................................78
The upsurge of the Friday “weekly gatherings” of 2012...................................................................79
Youth peace protest groups and counter-movements in 2015........................................................80
Discontinuities of activism before and after the Fukushima disaster...............................................81
Continuities of POS before and after the Fukushima disaster..........................................................82
3
, Civil society at a crossroads after the Fukushima accident...............................................................82
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................82
Huang, Cheng-Yi. "Unpopular sovereignty: constitutional identity through the lens of the Sunflower
and Umbrella movements." In Law and Politics of the Taiwan Sunflower and Hong Kong Umbrella
Movements (Taylor and Francis, 2017), pp. 117-126. Leiden online access: https://ebookcentral-
proquestcom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/lib/leidenuniv/reader.action?docID=4831518&ppg=124. .83
Sovereignty on the battlefield..........................................................................................................83
Disentangling popular sovereignty...................................................................................................83
Unpopular sovereignty: Dislocation of the ROC Constitution...........................................................84
Owning sovereignty: Democratic deepening versus the rule of law in practice...............................84
Concluding remarks: One sovereignty, two tales.............................................................................84
“The LGBT rights movement is gaining recognition -- and allies -- across Asia.” Nikkei Asian Review, 14
March 2016. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/The-LGBT-rights-movement-isgaining-recognition-and-
allies-across-Asia..................................................................................................................................86
Impossible to ignore.........................................................................................................................87
Open gates.......................................................................................................................................87
Neighbours and colleagues...............................................................................................................88
[Video:] How Taiwan became the most LGBT-friendly country in Asia. Quartz News, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KdvxaRqr_CQ&list=PLGIr1LuseGkOuihYgVX36o2MR_q9EivOT&index=31&app=desktop................88
Edwards, Louise. "Chinese feminism in a transnational frame: Between internationalism and
xenophobia." In Women's movements in Asia: Feminisms and transnational activism (Routledge
2010): 53- 74........................................................................................................................................90
Pendulum swings in international engagement...............................................................................90
Building a feminist movement with global partners prior to 1949...................................................90
Managing state feminism and isolationist nationalism....................................................................91
Engaging with the world but hampered by nationalism, 1979-2009................................................92
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................92
Kim, Seungkyung, and Kyounghee Kim. "Mapping a hundred years of activism: Women’s movements
in Korea." In Women's movements in Asia: Feminisms and transnational activism (Routledge 2010):
189-206. Leiden online access:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2048/ehost/ebookviewer/ebo0k/
ZTAwMHh3d19fMzI0MzcxX19BTg2?sid=71f25d8d-31b9-44b2-8609-24dd2bbba2f3@pdc-
vsessmgr06&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_90&rid=0.............................................................................93
Beginnings........................................................................................................................................93
Colonial period (1910-1945).............................................................................................................94
Liberation to the fall of Syngman Rhee.............................................................................................94
Women’s movements under military dictatorship (1961 – 1986)....................................................94
Gradual transition to democracy and the role of women’s movements (1987–97).........................95
4
Contents
Xu Zhangrun. Imminent Fears, Immediate Hopes - A Beijing Jeremiad. 2017.
http://chinaheritage.net/journal/imminent-fears-immediate-hopes-a-beijing-jeremiad/....................6
Four basic principles...........................................................................................................................6
Eight imminent fears..........................................................................................................................7
Eight immediate hopes (policy suggestions).......................................................................................9
In what is a period of transition........................................................................................................11
[Video:] Zhang Weiwei. Liberal democracy may be right for the West, but would be wrong for China.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwQx3n29QtY...........................................................................11
Fell, Dafydd. Government and politics in Taiwan. (Routledge, 2012) Chapter 2,3,4: p. 10-55. Leiden
online access: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2048/ehost/detail/detail?
vid=0&sid=d6276ac6-ee61-4542-bad5-62571c9c7255%40pdc-
vsessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=nlebk&AN=443840...........................12
Authoritarian rule: the politics of martial law in Taiwan..................................................................12
Transition to democracy and democratic consolidation...................................................................14
Taiwan’s government and constitutional structure..........................................................................15
Rowen, Ian. "Inside Taiwan's Sunflower Movement: Twenty-four days in a student-occupied
parliament, and the future of the region." The Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (2015): 5-21..........15
The soil that sprouted the sunflowers..............................................................................................17
Occupied days and nights.................................................................................................................17
The legislative yuan reterritorialized as the office of an ad hoc opposition......................................18
The capital district reterritorialized as a microcosm of civil society.................................................18
From occupation to mass rally to exodus.........................................................................................18
Aftermath: a scattering and sprouting of the seeds.........................................................................18
[Video (watch after reading the above):] Treasure Island: Protests in Taiwan. Vice News, 2014.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zojh-rnctVw..............................................................................19
Fu Hualing. Political protest in high income societies: The Case of the Occupy Central Movement in
Hong Kong. In Jones, Brian Christopher, ed. Law and Politics of the Taiwan Sunflower and Hong Kong
Umbrella Movements. Taylor & Francis, 2017: p. 83-99. Leiden online access: https://ebookcentral-
proquestcom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/lib/leidenuniv/reader.action?docID=4831518 (Go to “Part
II” then scroll down to page 83)...........................................................................................................20
Introduction......................................................................................................................................20
The burden of “one country, two systems”......................................................................................21
Hong Kong’s frustration....................................................................................................................22
The OCM and popular constitutionalism..........................................................................................23
Hong Kong’s fragility.........................................................................................................................24
1
, The double-edged sword of rule of law............................................................................................24
A polarized society continues to radicalize.......................................................................................25
The OCM, the strength and the vulnerability of Hong Kong.............................................................26
Fung, Anthony Y. H. & Chan, Chi Kit (2017), 'Post-Handover Identity: Contested Cultural Bonding
between China and Hong Kong'. Chinese Journal of Communication, 10(4), 395-412.........................27
Woo, Jongseok. "Political conflicts and democracy after democratization." In Yangmo Ku, Inyeop Lee,
Jongseok Woo, ed. Politics in North and South Korea, pp. 49-70. Routledge, 2017. Leiden online
access: https://www-taylorfranciscom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/books/e/9781315627014/
chapters/10.4324/9781315627014-4...................................................................................................28
The rise and fall of progressive politics (1998–2008)........................................................................29
After his fourth run: the Kim Dae-Jung presidency (1998–2003)..................................................29
A human rights lawyer: the Roh Moo-Hyun presidency (2003-2008)...........................................30
Resurgence of conservative politics (2008-2017).............................................................................31
The Korea 7-4-7 plan: the lee Myung-Bak presidency (2008-2013)..............................................32
The conservative icon: the Park Guen-Hye presidency (2013-2017)............................................33
Lie, John (2015), 'The Wreck of the Sewol: The Sinking South Korean Body Politic'. Georgetown
Journal of International Affairs, 16(2): 111-121....................................................................................35
“South Korea protests continue.” Al-Jazeera, 12 Nov 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=XlRVZ3XzJeE......................................................................................................................................36
Isozaki, Atsuhito. Understanding the North Korean Regime. Wilson Center, 2017: p 1-53..................37
Kushner, Barak. "Nationality and nostalgia: The manipulation of memory in Japan, Taiwan, and China
since 1990." The International History Review 29, no. 4 (2007): 793-820............................................39
Togo, Kazuhiko. "Japan's Historical Memory: Reconciliation with Asia." ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL-JAPAN
FOCUS 6, no. 12 (2008).........................................................................................................................45
He, Yinan. “History, Chinese Nationalism and the Emerging Sino–Japanese Conflict.” Journal of
Contemporary China 16, no. 50 (2007): 1-24.......................................................................................47
Shadows of the past.........................................................................................................................47
Past in the present: old and new myths...........................................................................................48
Beijing’s tied hands...........................................................................................................................49
Triple sources of trouble: Taiwan, offshore islands and maritime resources...................................49
No safety valve.................................................................................................................................50
Towards a real new thinking.............................................................................................................51
Pugliese, Giulio. "The China Challenge, Abe Shinzo's Realism, and the Limits of Japanese
Nationalism." SAIS Review of International Affairs 35, no. 2 (2015): 45-55..........................................51
Introduction: “men with wicked thoughts” at Japan’s doorstep?....................................................52
The China challenge, the Senakaku/Diaoyu crisis, and top-down nationalism.................................52
The realpolitik of top-down nationalism: boosting morale and cementing resolve.........................52
The realpolitik of top-down nationalism II: “dangers” aimed at a security policy shift....................53
2
, Limits and complications of Tokyo’s top-down push........................................................................53
Auton, Graeme. "Nationalism, Populism, Realism and the Intensification of East Asia's Maritime
Disputes: The Northern Territories, Dokdo/Takeshima and Daoiyu/Senkaku." In Proceedings of Law
and Political Sciences Conferences, no. 7410005. International Institute of Social and Economic
Sciences, 2018. https://ideas.repec.org/p/sek/ilppro/7410005.html..................................................54
The southern kuriles/northern territories dispute...........................................................................56
The Dokdo/takeshima (Liancourt rocks) dispute..............................................................................57
The daoiyu/Senkaku dispute............................................................................................................57
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................58
Allison, Graham. “The Thucydides Trap: Are the US and China headed for war?” The Atlantic, 14
September 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/united-stateschina-
war-thucydides-trap/406756/..............................................................................................................62
Tobin, Daniel. “How Xi Jinping’s “New Era” Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions.”
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (2020).
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep24771.pdf............................................................................65
Developing china into a global leader as the party’s consistent aim................................................65
The Role of Marxist-Leninist Socialism in the Party’s Strategy.........................................................66
A China-centric, Integrated Global Order in the New Era.................................................................67
Conclusion and Recommendations for the U.S. Congress................................................................68
[Video:] Kishore Mahbubani. How the West can adapt to a rising Asia. TED talk, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsJWs6Z6eNs............................................................................69
Hasegawa, Kōichi. "Continuities and discontinuities of Japan’s political activism before and after the
Fukushima disaster." In Social movements and political activism in contemporary Japan: Re-emerging
from Invisibility (Taylor and Francis, 2018), pp. 115-136. Leiden online access: https://www-
taylorfranciscom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/books/e/9781315107790/chapters/
10.4324/9781315107790-6..................................................................................................................73
Analysis based on social movement theory......................................................................................74
Before Fukushima: four periods of anti-nuclear activism and the closed POS..................................75
Anti-nuclear arms: the early stage (up to 1973)...............................................................................75
Blocking construction of nuclear power plants: the pre-Chernobyl stage (1973–1986)...................76
Grassroots activities in metropolitan areas: the post-Chernobyl stage (1986–1992).......................76
Deadlock of nuclear policy and anti-plutonium activities: the anti-plutonium stage (1992–2011). .76
A stable and coherent policy before the Fukushima accident..........................................................77
The post-Fukushima reality and structural causes of the accident...................................................77
Freestyle “sound-based protest” after the Fukushima accident.......................................................78
The upsurge of the Friday “weekly gatherings” of 2012...................................................................79
Youth peace protest groups and counter-movements in 2015........................................................80
Discontinuities of activism before and after the Fukushima disaster...............................................81
Continuities of POS before and after the Fukushima disaster..........................................................82
3
, Civil society at a crossroads after the Fukushima accident...............................................................82
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................82
Huang, Cheng-Yi. "Unpopular sovereignty: constitutional identity through the lens of the Sunflower
and Umbrella movements." In Law and Politics of the Taiwan Sunflower and Hong Kong Umbrella
Movements (Taylor and Francis, 2017), pp. 117-126. Leiden online access: https://ebookcentral-
proquestcom.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2443/lib/leidenuniv/reader.action?docID=4831518&ppg=124. .83
Sovereignty on the battlefield..........................................................................................................83
Disentangling popular sovereignty...................................................................................................83
Unpopular sovereignty: Dislocation of the ROC Constitution...........................................................84
Owning sovereignty: Democratic deepening versus the rule of law in practice...............................84
Concluding remarks: One sovereignty, two tales.............................................................................84
“The LGBT rights movement is gaining recognition -- and allies -- across Asia.” Nikkei Asian Review, 14
March 2016. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/The-LGBT-rights-movement-isgaining-recognition-and-
allies-across-Asia..................................................................................................................................86
Impossible to ignore.........................................................................................................................87
Open gates.......................................................................................................................................87
Neighbours and colleagues...............................................................................................................88
[Video:] How Taiwan became the most LGBT-friendly country in Asia. Quartz News, 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=KdvxaRqr_CQ&list=PLGIr1LuseGkOuihYgVX36o2MR_q9EivOT&index=31&app=desktop................88
Edwards, Louise. "Chinese feminism in a transnational frame: Between internationalism and
xenophobia." In Women's movements in Asia: Feminisms and transnational activism (Routledge
2010): 53- 74........................................................................................................................................90
Pendulum swings in international engagement...............................................................................90
Building a feminist movement with global partners prior to 1949...................................................90
Managing state feminism and isolationist nationalism....................................................................91
Engaging with the world but hampered by nationalism, 1979-2009................................................92
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................92
Kim, Seungkyung, and Kyounghee Kim. "Mapping a hundred years of activism: Women’s movements
in Korea." In Women's movements in Asia: Feminisms and transnational activism (Routledge 2010):
189-206. Leiden online access:
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leidenuniv.nl:2048/ehost/ebookviewer/ebo0k/
ZTAwMHh3d19fMzI0MzcxX19BTg2?sid=71f25d8d-31b9-44b2-8609-24dd2bbba2f3@pdc-
vsessmgr06&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_90&rid=0.............................................................................93
Beginnings........................................................................................................................................93
Colonial period (1910-1945).............................................................................................................94
Liberation to the fall of Syngman Rhee.............................................................................................94
Women’s movements under military dictatorship (1961 – 1986)....................................................94
Gradual transition to democracy and the role of women’s movements (1987–97).........................95
4
