COMPREHENSIVE NURSING REVIEW: MEDICATIONS, LAB
VALUES, AND PATIENT CARE | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the normal pH values for acid-base balance? Answer: 7.35 to 7.45
What are the normal CO2 values for acid-base balance? Answer: 35 to 45 mmHg
What are the normal HCO3 values for acid-base balance? Answer: 22 to 26 mEq/L
What indicates an acidotic state in pH? Answer: pH < 7.35
What indicates an alkalotic state in pH? Answer: pH > 7.45
What does it mean if pH and HCO3 move in the same direction? Answer: The acid-base
imbalance is metabolic.
What does it mean if pH and HCO3 move in opposite directions? Answer: The acid-base
imbalance is respiratory.
What is an example of metabolic acidosis? Answer: pH 7.3 and HCO3 20
What is an example of metabolic alkalosis? Answer: pH 7.58 and HCO3 32
What is an example of respiratory acidosis? Answer: pH 7.22 and HCO3 35
What happens to potassium levels in acidosis? Answer: Potassium levels are high
(hyperkalemia).
What happens to potassium levels in alkalosis? Answer: Potassium levels are low
(hypokalemia).
What is the nursing intervention for a patient in respiratory acidosis? Answer: Ventilate the
patient with an Ambu bag.
What is the only acid-base imbalance that causes Kussmaul respirations? Answer: Metabolic
acidosis.
What is the primary psychological problem in alcoholism? Answer: Denial.
What is the acronym for the stages of grief? Answer: DABDA: Denial, Anger, Bargaining,
Depression, Acceptance.
How should you confront a patient in denial about their alcoholism? Answer: Point out the
difference between what they say and what they do.
What is the appropriate response to a patient in denial? Answer: Use 'I' statements rather than
'you' statements.
What is the nursing intervention for high pressure alarms on a ventilator? Answer: Unkink the
tubing, empty water from the tubing, and suction if necessary.
What causes high pressure alarms on a ventilator? Answer: Increased resistance to airflow, such
as kinks in tubing or mucus plugs.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
VALUES, AND PATIENT CARE | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the normal pH values for acid-base balance? Answer: 7.35 to 7.45
What are the normal CO2 values for acid-base balance? Answer: 35 to 45 mmHg
What are the normal HCO3 values for acid-base balance? Answer: 22 to 26 mEq/L
What indicates an acidotic state in pH? Answer: pH < 7.35
What indicates an alkalotic state in pH? Answer: pH > 7.45
What does it mean if pH and HCO3 move in the same direction? Answer: The acid-base
imbalance is metabolic.
What does it mean if pH and HCO3 move in opposite directions? Answer: The acid-base
imbalance is respiratory.
What is an example of metabolic acidosis? Answer: pH 7.3 and HCO3 20
What is an example of metabolic alkalosis? Answer: pH 7.58 and HCO3 32
What is an example of respiratory acidosis? Answer: pH 7.22 and HCO3 35
What happens to potassium levels in acidosis? Answer: Potassium levels are high
(hyperkalemia).
What happens to potassium levels in alkalosis? Answer: Potassium levels are low
(hypokalemia).
What is the nursing intervention for a patient in respiratory acidosis? Answer: Ventilate the
patient with an Ambu bag.
What is the only acid-base imbalance that causes Kussmaul respirations? Answer: Metabolic
acidosis.
What is the primary psychological problem in alcoholism? Answer: Denial.
What is the acronym for the stages of grief? Answer: DABDA: Denial, Anger, Bargaining,
Depression, Acceptance.
How should you confront a patient in denial about their alcoholism? Answer: Point out the
difference between what they say and what they do.
What is the appropriate response to a patient in denial? Answer: Use 'I' statements rather than
'you' statements.
What is the nursing intervention for high pressure alarms on a ventilator? Answer: Unkink the
tubing, empty water from the tubing, and suction if necessary.
What causes high pressure alarms on a ventilator? Answer: Increased resistance to airflow, such
as kinks in tubing or mucus plugs.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
