CPHON EXAMS COMPLETE COURSE REVIEW
GUIDE
◉ S.
Answer: All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
◉ G2.
Answer: The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle,
consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
DNA is condensed into rod form .
◉ (M) Mitosis.
Answer: Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells,
each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
◉ G0.
Answer: Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in
not in active cell cycle. Preforming it's programmed function. Will
either die or repair DNA.
◉ Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs).
Answer: Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase of the cell
cycle.
,◉ Check points.
Answer: Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical
signals to monitor the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects
are found, progression through the cell cycle is halted. Errors that
cannot be repaired result in cell death (apoptosis). In cancer cells
these check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled
proliferation.
◉ Apoptosis.
Answer: Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal
cell has a limited number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost
the ability to undergo apoptosis, resulting in immortalization.
Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is the goal of cancer
treatments.
◉ Proto-oncogenes.
Answer: normal cellular genes that are important regulators of
normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the
expression of these cells result in oncogenes
◉ Oncogenes.
Answer: genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on
cell reproduction. Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal
, for production in the cell cycle and cause the cell to grow out of
control. MYCN associated with neuroblastoma
◉ Tumor Supressor Gene.
Answer: A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If
these genes are damaged or absent, cells lack the appropriate
growth inhibiting factors and grow out of control. P53 gene
◉ p53.
Answer: tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
◉ Hallmark of cancer.
Answer: Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing
malignant cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are
similar but not identical. This means that with variability in cells one
chemotherapy agent may not be effective against all tumor cells.
◉ Hematopoietic stem cell.
Answer: cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood
cells (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and
platelets).
◉ Lymphoid lineage.
GUIDE
◉ S.
Answer: All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
◉ G2.
Answer: The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle,
consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
DNA is condensed into rod form .
◉ (M) Mitosis.
Answer: Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells,
each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
◉ G0.
Answer: Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in
not in active cell cycle. Preforming it's programmed function. Will
either die or repair DNA.
◉ Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs).
Answer: Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase of the cell
cycle.
,◉ Check points.
Answer: Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical
signals to monitor the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects
are found, progression through the cell cycle is halted. Errors that
cannot be repaired result in cell death (apoptosis). In cancer cells
these check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled
proliferation.
◉ Apoptosis.
Answer: Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal
cell has a limited number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost
the ability to undergo apoptosis, resulting in immortalization.
Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is the goal of cancer
treatments.
◉ Proto-oncogenes.
Answer: normal cellular genes that are important regulators of
normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the
expression of these cells result in oncogenes
◉ Oncogenes.
Answer: genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on
cell reproduction. Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal
, for production in the cell cycle and cause the cell to grow out of
control. MYCN associated with neuroblastoma
◉ Tumor Supressor Gene.
Answer: A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If
these genes are damaged or absent, cells lack the appropriate
growth inhibiting factors and grow out of control. P53 gene
◉ p53.
Answer: tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
◉ Hallmark of cancer.
Answer: Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing
malignant cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are
similar but not identical. This means that with variability in cells one
chemotherapy agent may not be effective against all tumor cells.
◉ Hematopoietic stem cell.
Answer: cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood
cells (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and
platelets).
◉ Lymphoid lineage.
