NURS 2720 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS TEST 2 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

NURS 2720 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS -
TEST 2 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS

Question:
1. Circulatory System
Answer:
AKA Cardio vascular System:
- Comprised : Heart and Blood vessel
- Oxegantated deoxegenated blood

Question:
2. Function Of Blood
Answer:
- Transport oxygen and nutrient to tissues
- Removes waste
- Defenses/Immune system
- Maintaining homeostasis

Question:
3. Composition of Blood
Answer:
- Plasma Plasma Proteins
- Cellular Component RBC's (Erythrocytes) WBC's (Leukocytes) Thrombocytes (platletes, PLT)

Question:
4. Erythrocytes
Answer:
- Bioconcave Discs
- No nucleus
- Contains hemoglobin
- Life span Aprox. 120

Question:
5. Erythropoitein
Answer:
Produced in the kidney - Stimulates erythrocyte production

Question:
6. Erythrposiesis

,Answer:
In The Bone Marrow
- Proerythroblast
- Basophil erythroblast
- Polychromatophil erythroblast
- Orthochromatic erythroblast In Circulation
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocytes

Question:
7. Hemoglobin Mol.
Answer:
- 1/3 of RBC made of protein hemoglobin
- HBG contains iron
- HGB: heme and globin
- Each heme group contains one atom of iron
- 4 diffrent globulin chans most often in adults a1, a2, B1, B2
- 4 heme groups each linked to on chain of globin make a hemoglobin mol.

Question:
8. Blood Clotting
Answer:
1. Vasoconstriction or vascular spasm
2. Platelet clot
3. Coagulation mechanism

Question:
9. Clot Formation
Answer:
- Prod. prothrombin factor due to tiss. damage
- prothrombin or factor 2 is conv. to thrombin
- thrombin conv. fibrinogen (factor 1) in fibrin threads
- A fibrin mesh form to trap cells
- The clot gradually shrinks or retracts, pulling the edges of damaged tissue coser tog. + sealing the site

Question:
10. Hemopoiesis
Answer:
- Production of ny type of blood cells (occur in bone marrow from stem cells) * Erythropoietan - hormone
prod. in kidney that stimulates the prod. of RBC's

Question:
11. Types of Anemia

,Answer:
- Iron Deficient
- Pernicious (B12 deficient)
- Apalstic
- Sickle cell

Question:
12. Hemoglobin (Hgb) test
Answer:
Amount of heme protein found in RBC * anemia too little, Polycythemia too much

Question:
13. Hematocroit (HCT)
Answer:
Percentage of how much of the blood consists of RBCs * Help diagnose dehydration, cancers, nutrient
deficencies

Question:
14. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Answer:
Average size or vol. of a single RBC * Low MVC indicate microcytic anemia (iron def., chronic
inflammation), * High MVC indicates macroytic anemia (B12 0r folate deficiency, excess
RBCdestruction, Impaired bone marrow func.

Question:
15. Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
Answer:
Average amount of hemoglobin in a single RBC * Low MCH - iron deficency anemia, malnutrition *Hign
MCH - mactocrocytic anemia due to B12 or folate def.

Question:
16. Mean Corpuscualr hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Answer:
Conc. of HBG in given vol. RBC (calc. by dividing hemoglobin by hematocrit) * Low MCHC
(hypochromia) my sugg. iron def. anemia or chronic blood loss * High MCHC (hyperchromia) less
common but can occur in hereditary spherocystis

Question:
17. Iron Deficient Anemia
Answer:
- Insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis (microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
- very common
- ranges for mild-severe
- Occurs in all age grops, but more cooomn in women of childbearing age
- Estimate that 1 in 5 women are affected
- Frequently is a sign of an underlying problem

, Question:
18. Causes - iron deficency anemia
Answer:
- Dietary intake of iron below min. req. (Pregnacy, adoleceny growth spurt)
- Chronic blood issues (from bleedinh ulcers, hemoroids, mensturation)
- Malabsorbtion of Fe (atrophy of the stomach mucosa)
- Severe liver disease (viruses, liver cirrhosis)

Question:
19. Pernicious Anemia
Answer:
- Basic problem is often lack of absorbtion of vitamin B12 because lack of intrinsic factor * intrinsic fac.
secreted by gastric mucosa, Req. for intestinal absorbtion of Vitamin B12
- Characterized by very large, IMMATURE, nucleated erythrocytes * Carry les oxygen, Shorter life span

Question:
20. Causes
Answer:
- depleated storage of vit. B12
- Chronic gastritis (inflamation stomach)
- An outcome of gastric surgery
- Autoimmune process that leads to atrophy of stomach lining
- genetic factor have been implicated *more common light-skinned women of nothern european ancestry

Question:
21. Additional symptoms with B12 def.
Answer:
- Tongue is typically enlarged, red, sore, and shiny
- Digestive Discomfort, often with nausea and diarrhea
- Feeling of pins and needles, tingling in limbs

Question:
22. Diagnostic Tests
Answer:
- MIcroscopic examination
- bone smear
- serum vit. B12
- presence hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria
- presence of gastric atrophy

Question:
23. Aplastic Anemia
Answer:
- Impairment or failure of bone marrow *
- temporary or permanent
- Often idiopathic but possible causes include myleotoxins (rad., indus. chem., drugs) viruses (praticular
hep. C) Genetic abnormalities (myelodysplastic syn., fanconi anemia)