MICR 3230 MIDTERM | UPDATED Questions with 100% Verified
Answers
Question:
immunity
Answer:
state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)
can generate immunity without inducing disease (through vaccine)
Question:
herd immunity
Answer:
acquiring protective immunity in a critical mass of people through vaccination or
recovery from infection
serves as a buffer for everyone else
Question:
humoral immunity
Answer:
soluble proteins for labelling and destruction of invaders
combats pathogens via antibodies produced by B cells
Question:
cell mediated immunity
Answer:
cells that recognize and kill or engulf pathogen
involves primarily T cells
eradicate pathogens, clear infected self cells, or aid other cells in inducing immunity
Question:
important concepts for understanding the mammalian immune
response
Answer:
,humoral and cell mediated immunity relies on surface receptors (B and T cell receptors)
receptors are randomly generated by gene segment rearrangements in B and T cells
B cells that encounter an antigen produce an antibody specific to the antigen
T cell receptors bind antigens or specific peptides presented by antigen presenting cells
Question:
4 main categories of pathogens
Answer:
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
Question:
pathogen recognition
Answer:
interaction bw foreign organisms and recognition molecule expressed by host cells
Question:
ligands
Answer:
include whole pathogens, antigenic fragments of pathogens, or products secreted by
foreign organisms
Question:
ligand binding outcome
Answer:
extra or intra cellular cascade of events leading to labelling and destruction of pathogen
(immune response)
Question:
immune response relies on
Answer:
,recognition molecules
- encoded in genomic DNA and always expressed
- PRRs which bind to PAMPs
- randomly generated (B and T cell receptors)
Question:
colonial selection and generation of diversity
Answer:
individual B and T cells each have an individual specificity for a single antigen
- due to each cell having many copies of a receptor on the surface that only binds to one
type of antigen
when a B or T cell interacts w its specific antigen, it is selected and becomes activated
- activation results in proliferation, producing a large # of clones
- each clone is reactive against the antigen that initially stimulated the original
lymphocyte
Question:
tolerance
Answer:
ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue (self/non-self
discrimination)
many of the random rearrangements used to create B and T cell receptors could be anti-
self
Tolerance helps to keep these anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in
the bloodstream
self tolerance prohibits immune responses to host tissue maintained through elimination
or inhibition of cells
Question:
vertebrae immune system uses two interconnected systems:
Answer:
innate and adaptive immunity
Question:
, innate immune response
Answer:
first line of defence
- fast but non specific
uses inherited recognition molecules
also uses phagocytic cells
Question:
adaptive immune response
Answer:
humoral and cell mediated responses
- using B and T lymphocytes
- slower to develop (5-6 days or more)
- use randomly generated antigen receptors
- highly specific to individual antigen molecules
Question:
innate and adaptive immune systems both work...
Answer:
cooperatively
activation of innate immune response produce signal molecules (cytokines, chemokines)
signal molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
Question:
memory
Answer:
hallmark of adaptive immunity
primary response is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen
- memory lymphocytes are left behind after antigen is cleared
secondary response is initiated upon secondary exposure to the same antigen that
stimulate memory lymphocytes
- stimulation yields faster, more significant, better response
memory is NOT present in innate immunity
Answers
Question:
immunity
Answer:
state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)
can generate immunity without inducing disease (through vaccine)
Question:
herd immunity
Answer:
acquiring protective immunity in a critical mass of people through vaccination or
recovery from infection
serves as a buffer for everyone else
Question:
humoral immunity
Answer:
soluble proteins for labelling and destruction of invaders
combats pathogens via antibodies produced by B cells
Question:
cell mediated immunity
Answer:
cells that recognize and kill or engulf pathogen
involves primarily T cells
eradicate pathogens, clear infected self cells, or aid other cells in inducing immunity
Question:
important concepts for understanding the mammalian immune
response
Answer:
,humoral and cell mediated immunity relies on surface receptors (B and T cell receptors)
receptors are randomly generated by gene segment rearrangements in B and T cells
B cells that encounter an antigen produce an antibody specific to the antigen
T cell receptors bind antigens or specific peptides presented by antigen presenting cells
Question:
4 main categories of pathogens
Answer:
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
Question:
pathogen recognition
Answer:
interaction bw foreign organisms and recognition molecule expressed by host cells
Question:
ligands
Answer:
include whole pathogens, antigenic fragments of pathogens, or products secreted by
foreign organisms
Question:
ligand binding outcome
Answer:
extra or intra cellular cascade of events leading to labelling and destruction of pathogen
(immune response)
Question:
immune response relies on
Answer:
,recognition molecules
- encoded in genomic DNA and always expressed
- PRRs which bind to PAMPs
- randomly generated (B and T cell receptors)
Question:
colonial selection and generation of diversity
Answer:
individual B and T cells each have an individual specificity for a single antigen
- due to each cell having many copies of a receptor on the surface that only binds to one
type of antigen
when a B or T cell interacts w its specific antigen, it is selected and becomes activated
- activation results in proliferation, producing a large # of clones
- each clone is reactive against the antigen that initially stimulated the original
lymphocyte
Question:
tolerance
Answer:
ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue (self/non-self
discrimination)
many of the random rearrangements used to create B and T cell receptors could be anti-
self
Tolerance helps to keep these anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in
the bloodstream
self tolerance prohibits immune responses to host tissue maintained through elimination
or inhibition of cells
Question:
vertebrae immune system uses two interconnected systems:
Answer:
innate and adaptive immunity
Question:
, innate immune response
Answer:
first line of defence
- fast but non specific
uses inherited recognition molecules
also uses phagocytic cells
Question:
adaptive immune response
Answer:
humoral and cell mediated responses
- using B and T lymphocytes
- slower to develop (5-6 days or more)
- use randomly generated antigen receptors
- highly specific to individual antigen molecules
Question:
innate and adaptive immune systems both work...
Answer:
cooperatively
activation of innate immune response produce signal molecules (cytokines, chemokines)
signal molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
Question:
memory
Answer:
hallmark of adaptive immunity
primary response is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen
- memory lymphocytes are left behind after antigen is cleared
secondary response is initiated upon secondary exposure to the same antigen that
stimulate memory lymphocytes
- stimulation yields faster, more significant, better response
memory is NOT present in innate immunity
