WGU C180 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS, PRE- ASSESSMENTS & FINAL EXAMS–
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (LATEST 2026/ 2027 UPDATES STUDY BUNDLE
PACKAGE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS) 100% VERIFIED QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS | GRADE A
1. Differenciate between the concepts of achievement and aptitude?What do most familiar
intelligence tests measure? - ANSWERS-intelligence tests measure achievement (what
one has already learned) and aptitude (an ability to learn), More familiar intelligence tests
are aptitude tests that are designed to measure one's ability to do well in college or in
postgraduate training.
2. What are some biological factors in the development of intelligence? - ANSWERS-
Genetics, Prenatal malnutrition and Prenatal exposure to harmful substances
3. What are some major environmental/sociological factors that might influence the
development of intelligence? - ANSWERS-Environment can influence differences in
intelligence - through family, religion, literature, media, etc
4. What were the initial goals of Project Head Start? What has been the effect of Project
Head Start? - ANSWERS-Because of significant evidence that children reared in lower
socioeconomic backgrounds were at a disadvantage in academic settings, the Head
Start program was launched in 1965. Each year, headstart serves more than 900,000
American children by providing education, socio-emotional, health, and nutrition
services to children and families living in poverty.*****
5. To what extent is intelligence inherited? - ANSWERS-Intelligence is inherited up to 60-
80%
6. Stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Infancy (0-
2 years) Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Early Childhood (2-4 years) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage 3: Preschool Age (4-5 years) Initiative vs guilt
Stage 4: School Age (5-12 years) Industry vs Inferiority
Stage 5: Adolescence (13-19 years) Identity vs Role Confusion
Stage 6: Early Adulthood (20-39 years) Intimacy vs Isolation
Stage 7: Adulthood (40-64 years) Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage 8: Maturity (65 years - death) Ego Integrity vs Despair
7. Stages of Prenatal and Newborn Development - ANSWERS-Zygotic (or germinal),
Embryonic, Fetal
8. Zygotic - ANSWERS-First 2 weeks of development; 2nd - 4th weeks of pregnancy.
Conception; sperm and egg forms a single cell called a zygote that moves through
the fallopian tube to the uterus while dividing rapidly in a process called cleavage.
Becomes a blastocyst when it reaches, and implants, in the uterus.
,9. Embryonic - ANSWERS-Implantation to 8 weeks from conception or the 10th week of
pregnancy.
This is the most important time of prenatal development because the embryo is
developing the foundations for a healthy baby.
The blastocyst that implanted in the uterus continues to divide rapidly after
implantation. Through a process called differentiation, cells begin to take on
different functions. One of the first examples of this is a division between the cells
that will make up the placenta and the cells that will make up the baby.
After this, a process called gastrulation forms three layers called germ layers. The
outer layer is called the ectoderm, the middle layer is called the mesoderm, and the
inner layer is called the endoderm.
Each germ layer will differentiate into different structures. The ectoderm will form
many outer tissues such as skin and hair, as well as most of the nervous system
tissues - including the brain. The mesoderm will form tissues inside the body such
as the lungs, bones, and muscles - including the heart. The endoderm will form
tissues such as the digestive tract and bladder, as well as other internal organs.
All of the essential structures have been formed (both inside and outside) by the time
the embryonic period comes to an end. The new title of fetus is now given to the
embryo.
Embryogenesis is a term that can be used to describe all of the processes of embryo
development up until the time it becomes a fetus
10. Fetal - ANSWERS-10th - 40th week of pregnancy.
Characterized by exponential growth of the embryo, now called a ____, and the
development of tissues and organs.
11. Teratogens - ANSWERS-agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the
embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm:substances that can harm
the fetus; environmental, air pollution, cigarettes, radiation, alcohol, drugs.
12. What are 2 teratogens and their possible effect on a developing fetus? - ANSWERS-
Cigarette smoking, for example, reduces the blood oxygen for both the mother and child
and can cause a fetus to be born severely underweight. Another serious threat is fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead
to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities,
genital anomalies, and mental retardation.
13. What is object permanence? - ANSWERS-child's ability to know that an object exists even
when the object cannot be perceived.
14. What is the estimated age for developing object permeance? - ANSWERS-around 8
months
15. What is a reflex? - ANSWERS-an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and
without conscious thought.
, 16. Why do health care providers assess infant reflexes? - ANSWERS-Doctors test for these
reflexes to determine if the nervous system is developing correctly in the newborn and
young child. The failure of a reflex to appear as a well-organized response can be a
warning sign of trouble, and the failure of a reflex to disappear at the appropriate time can
also indicate a problem.
17. Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Sensorimotor
(0-2 years)
The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing,
touching, and tasting.
• Object permanence; stranger anxiety.
Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 years)
Children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and
mental imagery. They also start to see the world from other people's perspectives.
• Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability.
Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations
on objects that are only imagined.
• Conservation
Stage 4: Formal Operational (11 years-adulthood)
Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can
understand ethics and scientific reasoning.
• Abstract Logic
18. During which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence
occur? - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
19. Conservation - ANSWERS-the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete
operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the
same despite changes in the forms of objects
20. During which stage of Piaget's theory would conservation develop? - ANSWERS-Stage 3:
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
21. Describe an example that illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding. - ANSWERS-
Scaffolding is a form of instruction in which the child is given a level of help and support
which is gradually reduced until they can complete the task unaided::In a high school
laboratory science class, a teacher might provide scaffolding by first giving students
detailed guides to carrying out experiments, then giving them brief outlines that they
might use to structure experiments, and finally asking them to set up experiments entirely
on their own.
22. In the Harlows' study of attachment in young monkeys, what kind of mother did the
monkeys prefer? - ANSWERS-The terry-cloth mother who did not provide food,
demonstrating attachment based on comfort**
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (LATEST 2026/ 2027 UPDATES STUDY BUNDLE
PACKAGE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS) 100% VERIFIED QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS | GRADE A
1. Differenciate between the concepts of achievement and aptitude?What do most familiar
intelligence tests measure? - ANSWERS-intelligence tests measure achievement (what
one has already learned) and aptitude (an ability to learn), More familiar intelligence tests
are aptitude tests that are designed to measure one's ability to do well in college or in
postgraduate training.
2. What are some biological factors in the development of intelligence? - ANSWERS-
Genetics, Prenatal malnutrition and Prenatal exposure to harmful substances
3. What are some major environmental/sociological factors that might influence the
development of intelligence? - ANSWERS-Environment can influence differences in
intelligence - through family, religion, literature, media, etc
4. What were the initial goals of Project Head Start? What has been the effect of Project
Head Start? - ANSWERS-Because of significant evidence that children reared in lower
socioeconomic backgrounds were at a disadvantage in academic settings, the Head
Start program was launched in 1965. Each year, headstart serves more than 900,000
American children by providing education, socio-emotional, health, and nutrition
services to children and families living in poverty.*****
5. To what extent is intelligence inherited? - ANSWERS-Intelligence is inherited up to 60-
80%
6. Stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Infancy (0-
2 years) Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Early Childhood (2-4 years) Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage 3: Preschool Age (4-5 years) Initiative vs guilt
Stage 4: School Age (5-12 years) Industry vs Inferiority
Stage 5: Adolescence (13-19 years) Identity vs Role Confusion
Stage 6: Early Adulthood (20-39 years) Intimacy vs Isolation
Stage 7: Adulthood (40-64 years) Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage 8: Maturity (65 years - death) Ego Integrity vs Despair
7. Stages of Prenatal and Newborn Development - ANSWERS-Zygotic (or germinal),
Embryonic, Fetal
8. Zygotic - ANSWERS-First 2 weeks of development; 2nd - 4th weeks of pregnancy.
Conception; sperm and egg forms a single cell called a zygote that moves through
the fallopian tube to the uterus while dividing rapidly in a process called cleavage.
Becomes a blastocyst when it reaches, and implants, in the uterus.
,9. Embryonic - ANSWERS-Implantation to 8 weeks from conception or the 10th week of
pregnancy.
This is the most important time of prenatal development because the embryo is
developing the foundations for a healthy baby.
The blastocyst that implanted in the uterus continues to divide rapidly after
implantation. Through a process called differentiation, cells begin to take on
different functions. One of the first examples of this is a division between the cells
that will make up the placenta and the cells that will make up the baby.
After this, a process called gastrulation forms three layers called germ layers. The
outer layer is called the ectoderm, the middle layer is called the mesoderm, and the
inner layer is called the endoderm.
Each germ layer will differentiate into different structures. The ectoderm will form
many outer tissues such as skin and hair, as well as most of the nervous system
tissues - including the brain. The mesoderm will form tissues inside the body such
as the lungs, bones, and muscles - including the heart. The endoderm will form
tissues such as the digestive tract and bladder, as well as other internal organs.
All of the essential structures have been formed (both inside and outside) by the time
the embryonic period comes to an end. The new title of fetus is now given to the
embryo.
Embryogenesis is a term that can be used to describe all of the processes of embryo
development up until the time it becomes a fetus
10. Fetal - ANSWERS-10th - 40th week of pregnancy.
Characterized by exponential growth of the embryo, now called a ____, and the
development of tissues and organs.
11. Teratogens - ANSWERS-agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the
embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm:substances that can harm
the fetus; environmental, air pollution, cigarettes, radiation, alcohol, drugs.
12. What are 2 teratogens and their possible effect on a developing fetus? - ANSWERS-
Cigarette smoking, for example, reduces the blood oxygen for both the mother and child
and can cause a fetus to be born severely underweight. Another serious threat is fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead
to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities,
genital anomalies, and mental retardation.
13. What is object permanence? - ANSWERS-child's ability to know that an object exists even
when the object cannot be perceived.
14. What is the estimated age for developing object permeance? - ANSWERS-around 8
months
15. What is a reflex? - ANSWERS-an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and
without conscious thought.
, 16. Why do health care providers assess infant reflexes? - ANSWERS-Doctors test for these
reflexes to determine if the nervous system is developing correctly in the newborn and
young child. The failure of a reflex to appear as a well-organized response can be a
warning sign of trouble, and the failure of a reflex to disappear at the appropriate time can
also indicate a problem.
17. Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Sensorimotor
(0-2 years)
The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing,
touching, and tasting.
• Object permanence; stranger anxiety.
Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 years)
Children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and
mental imagery. They also start to see the world from other people's perspectives.
• Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability.
Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations
on objects that are only imagined.
• Conservation
Stage 4: Formal Operational (11 years-adulthood)
Adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can
understand ethics and scientific reasoning.
• Abstract Logic
18. During which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence
occur? - ANSWERS-Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
19. Conservation - ANSWERS-the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete
operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the
same despite changes in the forms of objects
20. During which stage of Piaget's theory would conservation develop? - ANSWERS-Stage 3:
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
21. Describe an example that illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding. - ANSWERS-
Scaffolding is a form of instruction in which the child is given a level of help and support
which is gradually reduced until they can complete the task unaided::In a high school
laboratory science class, a teacher might provide scaffolding by first giving students
detailed guides to carrying out experiments, then giving them brief outlines that they
might use to structure experiments, and finally asking them to set up experiments entirely
on their own.
22. In the Harlows' study of attachment in young monkeys, what kind of mother did the
monkeys prefer? - ANSWERS-The terry-cloth mother who did not provide food,
demonstrating attachment based on comfort**
