FINAL EXAM: NR 507/ NR507 (LATEST 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE| QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS)- CHAMBERLAIN
1. Cause of aplastic anemia - ANSWERS-Failure of bone marrow to produce mature
cells causing pancytopenia (reduction of all 3 blood cell types)
- Idiopathic, acquired stem cell defects, immune mediated
- whole-body irradiation, viral infections, hepatitis, CMV, epstein-barr virus,
herpes zoster, inherited
-Chemica: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, benzene, chloramphenicol,
arsenicals, carbamazepine, gold salts
2. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - ANSWERS-1) Warm reactive antibody type- igg
binds optimally to erythrocytes at a normal body temperature.
2) Cold agglutinin type- igm antibodies optimally bind to erythrocytes at colder temps
(lower than 31 deg. Celsius). Recognized by phagocytes in the liver and spleen.
Fingers, toes, ears, may have obstructed blood flow
3) Cold hemolysin type- Hemoglobinuria
Acquired disorders caused by autoantibodies or complement or both, on rbcs against
antigens normally on the surface of erythrocytes.
3. Secondary Polycythemia - ANSWERS-
-physiologic response from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to
chronic hypoxia.
-Noted in people living in high altitudes, smokers, COPD, CHF
-Abnormal hgb
4. Anemia of chronic renal failure - ANSWERS-
- Kidney damage affects secretion of erythropoietin, diminishes bone marrow
erythropoiesis.
- Uremic toxins that increase in the blood d/t renal failure may suppress bone
marrow function and damage erythrocytes
- Platelet dysfunction (bleeding)
- loss of erythrocytes
5. Hypovolemic shock – ANSWERS
-Loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (sweat,
DM, DI, emesis, diuresis) in large amounts.
-When intravascular volume decreases by 15%
6. Glucose regulation in shock - ANSWERS-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, an
lipolysis.
-total body stores can fuel metabolism for 10 hours
, 7. Ovulation - ANSWERS-- Marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the cycle.
8. Uterine prolapse - ANSWERS-descent of cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal
9. Polycystic ovary syndrome - ANSWERS-
-at least two of these features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens
(testosterone), and appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
-strong genetic component
-Low FSH, high LH (causes high androgens), and high LH bioactivity
-s/s: anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, amenorrhea, hirsutism,
acne, infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, sleep apnea
-60% of women with PCOS are obese
- Tx: Oral contraceptives, weight loss, exercise, progesterone therapy, metformin,
lifestyle modification
10. Testicular cancer - ANSWERS-
- Complication of cryptorchidism. Tx= giving gnrh or Hgc or surgery
- HIV
-Aids
11. Breast cancer - ANSWERS-Lumps, retraction of tissue, palpable notes in the axilla,
nipple discharge, ulceration, local pain
12. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - ANSWERS-
• Symptoms: Depression, anger, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness, abdominal
bloating, headache, swelling of extremities.
• Aggravation of underlying physical or psychological disease
13. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - ANSWERS-
- Bleeding that is abnormal in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity > 6 months
• -PALM(structural)-COEIN (nonstructural)
• -Major cause: lack of ovulation
- commonly seen in perimenopausal women and adolescents
• -Tx: nsaids (reduce prostaglandin synthesis within endometrial tissues- cause
vasoconstriction and dec. Blood loss), regulating cycles, hormone therapy
14. Prostate Cancer - ANSWERS-
- Rely on androgen-dependent signaling for development and progression.
-alterations in autocrine/paracrine growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting
factors between the prostate tumor cells and microenvironment influence cancer
pathogenesis
-Occur in the periphery of the prostate
- Risk fx: chronic arsenic exposure, genetic
15. HPV and Cervical CA - ANSWERS-
- Strains 16 and 18 are most cancerous
-Transformation zone is susceptible to HPV
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE| QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS)- CHAMBERLAIN
1. Cause of aplastic anemia - ANSWERS-Failure of bone marrow to produce mature
cells causing pancytopenia (reduction of all 3 blood cell types)
- Idiopathic, acquired stem cell defects, immune mediated
- whole-body irradiation, viral infections, hepatitis, CMV, epstein-barr virus,
herpes zoster, inherited
-Chemica: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, benzene, chloramphenicol,
arsenicals, carbamazepine, gold salts
2. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - ANSWERS-1) Warm reactive antibody type- igg
binds optimally to erythrocytes at a normal body temperature.
2) Cold agglutinin type- igm antibodies optimally bind to erythrocytes at colder temps
(lower than 31 deg. Celsius). Recognized by phagocytes in the liver and spleen.
Fingers, toes, ears, may have obstructed blood flow
3) Cold hemolysin type- Hemoglobinuria
Acquired disorders caused by autoantibodies or complement or both, on rbcs against
antigens normally on the surface of erythrocytes.
3. Secondary Polycythemia - ANSWERS-
-physiologic response from increased erythropoietin secretion in response to
chronic hypoxia.
-Noted in people living in high altitudes, smokers, COPD, CHF
-Abnormal hgb
4. Anemia of chronic renal failure - ANSWERS-
- Kidney damage affects secretion of erythropoietin, diminishes bone marrow
erythropoiesis.
- Uremic toxins that increase in the blood d/t renal failure may suppress bone
marrow function and damage erythrocytes
- Platelet dysfunction (bleeding)
- loss of erythrocytes
5. Hypovolemic shock – ANSWERS
-Loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (sweat,
DM, DI, emesis, diuresis) in large amounts.
-When intravascular volume decreases by 15%
6. Glucose regulation in shock - ANSWERS-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, an
lipolysis.
-total body stores can fuel metabolism for 10 hours
, 7. Ovulation - ANSWERS-- Marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the cycle.
8. Uterine prolapse - ANSWERS-descent of cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal
9. Polycystic ovary syndrome - ANSWERS-
-at least two of these features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens
(testosterone), and appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
-strong genetic component
-Low FSH, high LH (causes high androgens), and high LH bioactivity
-s/s: anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, amenorrhea, hirsutism,
acne, infertility, dysfunctional bleeding, sleep apnea
-60% of women with PCOS are obese
- Tx: Oral contraceptives, weight loss, exercise, progesterone therapy, metformin,
lifestyle modification
10. Testicular cancer - ANSWERS-
- Complication of cryptorchidism. Tx= giving gnrh or Hgc or surgery
- HIV
-Aids
11. Breast cancer - ANSWERS-Lumps, retraction of tissue, palpable notes in the axilla,
nipple discharge, ulceration, local pain
12. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) - ANSWERS-
• Symptoms: Depression, anger, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness, abdominal
bloating, headache, swelling of extremities.
• Aggravation of underlying physical or psychological disease
13. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - ANSWERS-
- Bleeding that is abnormal in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity > 6 months
• -PALM(structural)-COEIN (nonstructural)
• -Major cause: lack of ovulation
- commonly seen in perimenopausal women and adolescents
• -Tx: nsaids (reduce prostaglandin synthesis within endometrial tissues- cause
vasoconstriction and dec. Blood loss), regulating cycles, hormone therapy
14. Prostate Cancer - ANSWERS-
- Rely on androgen-dependent signaling for development and progression.
-alterations in autocrine/paracrine growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting
factors between the prostate tumor cells and microenvironment influence cancer
pathogenesis
-Occur in the periphery of the prostate
- Risk fx: chronic arsenic exposure, genetic
15. HPV and Cervical CA - ANSWERS-
- Strains 16 and 18 are most cancerous
-Transformation zone is susceptible to HPV
