Exam 1 Study Guide with correct questions and answers
, Ribosomes – Small particles in cytoplasm (free), made of rRNA and protein.
a. Function: Aid in protein production on the RER and form
polyribosomes.
b. Synthesis proteins
1. Mitochondria - Round/oval with a double membrane.
a. Function: Cellular respiration and energy production, breaks down
ATP.
b. Produces ATP
2. Plasma Membrane – Semi-permeable boundary containing the cell and its
components.
a. Semi-permeable lipid bilayer.
3. Epithelial tissue – One layered thin sheet of tightly packed cells that act a
barrier.
4. Golgi apparatus/complex – Flattened sacs located near the nucleus.
a. Function: sorts, modifies, and packages proteins produced in the RER.
5. Endoplasmic reticulum – Network of tubules in the cytoplasm near the
nucleus.
a. Smooth - > no ribosomes
b. Rough - > has ribosomes.
c. Function: RER – synthesizes and transports lysosomal enzymes and
proteins
i. SER – produces lipids/hormones and stores and metabolizes
calcium ions.
6. Nucleus – The control center of the cell. Contains genetic info (DNA), and
regulates cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
, 7. Lysosome – Round membrane structure containing digestive enzymes.
a. Function: digests material engulfed by cells. Engulfs fatigued
organelles.
8. Phagocytosis – “cell eating”, solid particles. Brings stuff into the cell.
10.Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”, liquids. Bringing liquids into the cell.
11.Homeostasis – “equilibrium/balance”: Compensation mechanisms attempt to
counteract those changes and return the body to its normal state.
a. Systemic s/s that homeostasis is off balance -> fever.
12.Mitosis – Division of a cell that results in two genetically identical and equal
daughter cells.
13.3 stages of GAS (Generalized Adaptation Syndrome)
i. Fight-or-flight (Alarm)
1. Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system. Release of catecholamines and
cortisol/epinephrine. ii. Resistance
1. Cortisol returns to normal.
iii. Exhaustion (elevated cortisol/cortisol resistance)
1. The stressor is prolonged. Homeostasis is not maintained.
Disease occurs.
14.RAAS (view printout)
a. What does RAAS stand for? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
b. Steps:
i. The kidneys sense low pressure and release Renin from the
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) ii. Renin converts to
angiotensin to angiotensin I
, Ribosomes – Small particles in cytoplasm (free), made of rRNA and protein.
a. Function: Aid in protein production on the RER and form
polyribosomes.
b. Synthesis proteins
1. Mitochondria - Round/oval with a double membrane.
a. Function: Cellular respiration and energy production, breaks down
ATP.
b. Produces ATP
2. Plasma Membrane – Semi-permeable boundary containing the cell and its
components.
a. Semi-permeable lipid bilayer.
3. Epithelial tissue – One layered thin sheet of tightly packed cells that act a
barrier.
4. Golgi apparatus/complex – Flattened sacs located near the nucleus.
a. Function: sorts, modifies, and packages proteins produced in the RER.
5. Endoplasmic reticulum – Network of tubules in the cytoplasm near the
nucleus.
a. Smooth - > no ribosomes
b. Rough - > has ribosomes.
c. Function: RER – synthesizes and transports lysosomal enzymes and
proteins
i. SER – produces lipids/hormones and stores and metabolizes
calcium ions.
6. Nucleus – The control center of the cell. Contains genetic info (DNA), and
regulates cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
, 7. Lysosome – Round membrane structure containing digestive enzymes.
a. Function: digests material engulfed by cells. Engulfs fatigued
organelles.
8. Phagocytosis – “cell eating”, solid particles. Brings stuff into the cell.
10.Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”, liquids. Bringing liquids into the cell.
11.Homeostasis – “equilibrium/balance”: Compensation mechanisms attempt to
counteract those changes and return the body to its normal state.
a. Systemic s/s that homeostasis is off balance -> fever.
12.Mitosis – Division of a cell that results in two genetically identical and equal
daughter cells.
13.3 stages of GAS (Generalized Adaptation Syndrome)
i. Fight-or-flight (Alarm)
1. Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system. Release of catecholamines and
cortisol/epinephrine. ii. Resistance
1. Cortisol returns to normal.
iii. Exhaustion (elevated cortisol/cortisol resistance)
1. The stressor is prolonged. Homeostasis is not maintained.
Disease occurs.
14.RAAS (view printout)
a. What does RAAS stand for? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
b. Steps:
i. The kidneys sense low pressure and release Renin from the
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) ii. Renin converts to
angiotensin to angiotensin I
