Apex: ANS Pharmacology Questions 2026/2027 | Actual
Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
• Question
Norepinephrine has a dose-dependent affinity for what?
Correct Answer: Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 receptors
• Question
Low dose Norepinephrine stimulates what receptors
Correct Answer: Beta-1 selective increased HR and inotropy
• Question
High dose Norepi stimulates what receptors
Correct Answer: Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 Increased SVR = increased BP =
decreased HR via baroreceptor reflex
• Question
Norepi is an ideal drug for what?
Correct Answer: low SVR states like sepsis or post-cardiopulmonary bypass hypotension
due to low afterload
• Question
Avoid norepi when?
Correct Answer: In the setting of cardiogenic shock, because it increases afterload and
MVO2
• Question
If extravasation occurs during administration of Norepi at a peripheral site, what should
be done?
Correct Answer: The area should be injected with phentolamine (2.5-10 mg in 10 mL of
diluent) to vasodilate the affected region.
A stellate ganglion block is another treatment option.
• Question
Low dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 0.01 - 0.03 mcg/kg/min
II. Beta-1 + Beta-2
III. increased HR, CO, inotropy, decreased SVR & wide pulse pressure
, • Question
Intermediate dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: 0.03-0.15 mcg/kg/min Mixed alpha and beta effects
• Question
High dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: >0.15 mcg/kg/min Alpha effects predominate, and supraventricular
tachyarrhythmias are common
• Question
Other tidbits to remember about epinephrine effects
Correct Answer: I. Causes:
II. bronchodilation
III. mast cell stabilization
IV. prolongs duration of local anesthetics
V. increases serum glucose
VI. causes hypokalemia due to transcellular potassium shift
• Question
Low dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 1-2 mcg/kg/min
II. DA
III. Renal vasodilation and increased RBF
IV. BP may decrease as more CO is delivered to the kidneys
• Question
Intermediate dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 2-10 mcg/kg/min
II. Beta-1
III. Cardiac stimulation - increased HR, inotropy, CO
• Question
High dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 10-20 mcg/kg/min
II. Alpha effects overshadow DA and beta effects
III. Vasopressor effect
• Question
What receptors does isoproterenol stimulate?
Correct Answer: Beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
• Question
Norepinephrine has a dose-dependent affinity for what?
Correct Answer: Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 receptors
• Question
Low dose Norepinephrine stimulates what receptors
Correct Answer: Beta-1 selective increased HR and inotropy
• Question
High dose Norepi stimulates what receptors
Correct Answer: Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-1 Increased SVR = increased BP =
decreased HR via baroreceptor reflex
• Question
Norepi is an ideal drug for what?
Correct Answer: low SVR states like sepsis or post-cardiopulmonary bypass hypotension
due to low afterload
• Question
Avoid norepi when?
Correct Answer: In the setting of cardiogenic shock, because it increases afterload and
MVO2
• Question
If extravasation occurs during administration of Norepi at a peripheral site, what should
be done?
Correct Answer: The area should be injected with phentolamine (2.5-10 mg in 10 mL of
diluent) to vasodilate the affected region.
A stellate ganglion block is another treatment option.
• Question
Low dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 0.01 - 0.03 mcg/kg/min
II. Beta-1 + Beta-2
III. increased HR, CO, inotropy, decreased SVR & wide pulse pressure
, • Question
Intermediate dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: 0.03-0.15 mcg/kg/min Mixed alpha and beta effects
• Question
High dose epinephrine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: >0.15 mcg/kg/min Alpha effects predominate, and supraventricular
tachyarrhythmias are common
• Question
Other tidbits to remember about epinephrine effects
Correct Answer: I. Causes:
II. bronchodilation
III. mast cell stabilization
IV. prolongs duration of local anesthetics
V. increases serum glucose
VI. causes hypokalemia due to transcellular potassium shift
• Question
Low dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 1-2 mcg/kg/min
II. DA
III. Renal vasodilation and increased RBF
IV. BP may decrease as more CO is delivered to the kidneys
• Question
Intermediate dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 2-10 mcg/kg/min
II. Beta-1
III. Cardiac stimulation - increased HR, inotropy, CO
• Question
High dose dopamine stimulates what receptors?
Correct Answer: I. 10-20 mcg/kg/min
II. Alpha effects overshadow DA and beta effects
III. Vasopressor effect
• Question
What receptors does isoproterenol stimulate?
Correct Answer: Beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
