APEX Unit 1: Respiratory Exam 2026/2027 | Actual Questions
and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
Match:
1) Cricothyroid
2) Thyroarytenoid
3) Posterior Cricoarytenoid
4) Lateral Cricoarytenoid
• Question
A) ABducts
B) ADducts
C) Shortens
D) Elongates
Correct Answer: I. 1) Cricothyroid- Cords Tense = Elongates
II. 2) Thyroarytenoid- They Relax = Shortens
III. 3) Posterior Cricoarytenoid- Pull Cords Apart = ABducts
IV. 4) Lateral Cricoarytenoid- Let's Close Airway = ADducts
• Question
All the extrinsic muscles (except the digastric) end in "-_________"
Correct Answer: Hyoid
1) What intrinsic muscles does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
• Question
2) What intrinsic muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
Correct Answer: 1) Cricothyroid
2) All other muscles
• Question
*Think SCAR* What SLN branch provides sensory functions and which provides motor
function?
Correct Answer: SLN internal branch = sensory
SLN external branch = motor
• Question
The most common cause of increased Vd/Vt under general anesthesia is .....?
Correct Answer: a reduction in cardiac output
,*If the EtCO2 acutely decreases, you should first rule out hypotension
In the circle system, dead space begins at the _________.
• Question
The only exception is when there is a ___________ in the circle system.
Correct Answer: Y-piece
incompetent valve
• Question
What is the normal Vd/Vt ratio?
Correct Answer: Vd/Vt= 150 ml/ 450 ml = 0.33 or 33%
• Question
The normal ration of ventilation to perfusion is _________.
Correct Answer: 0.8
4/5= 0.8
• Question
Normal FRC= ____ ml/kg
Correct Answer: 35 ml/kg
• Question
VO2 (oxygen consumption) = _____ ml / min or ___ ml/kg/min
Correct Answer: 250 or 3.5
• Question
Time until patient desaturates = ______ / ______
Correct Answer: FRC / VO2
• Question
P50 (the PaO2 at which 50% of the Hgb is saturated = ___ - ___ mmHg
Correct Answer: 26-27
P50 increases with a _______ shift
, • Question
P50 decreases with a _______ shift
Correct Answer: right
left
• Question
Hgb species such as fetal hemoglobin, methemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin cause a
____ shift
Correct Answer: left
• Question
The Bohr effect is the influence of ____ and ____ on the OxyHgb Dissociation Curve.
Correct Answer: pCO2 and pH
• Question
The Bohr effect says that an (increased or decrease) pCO2 and (increased or decreased)
pH cause Hgb to release O2 (right shift).
Correct Answer: increased (hypercarbia)
decreased (acidosis)
• Question
The Haldane effect describes how changes in p___ influence the _____ dissociation curve.
Correct Answer: pO2
CO2
Haldane effect
The presence of oxygenated Hgb shifts the CO2 dissociation curve to the _______
• Question
The presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin shifts the CO2 dissociation curve to the
______
Correct Answer: right (= release)
left (= load) What is the pacemaker for normal breathing?
and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
Match:
1) Cricothyroid
2) Thyroarytenoid
3) Posterior Cricoarytenoid
4) Lateral Cricoarytenoid
• Question
A) ABducts
B) ADducts
C) Shortens
D) Elongates
Correct Answer: I. 1) Cricothyroid- Cords Tense = Elongates
II. 2) Thyroarytenoid- They Relax = Shortens
III. 3) Posterior Cricoarytenoid- Pull Cords Apart = ABducts
IV. 4) Lateral Cricoarytenoid- Let's Close Airway = ADducts
• Question
All the extrinsic muscles (except the digastric) end in "-_________"
Correct Answer: Hyoid
1) What intrinsic muscles does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
• Question
2) What intrinsic muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
Correct Answer: 1) Cricothyroid
2) All other muscles
• Question
*Think SCAR* What SLN branch provides sensory functions and which provides motor
function?
Correct Answer: SLN internal branch = sensory
SLN external branch = motor
• Question
The most common cause of increased Vd/Vt under general anesthesia is .....?
Correct Answer: a reduction in cardiac output
,*If the EtCO2 acutely decreases, you should first rule out hypotension
In the circle system, dead space begins at the _________.
• Question
The only exception is when there is a ___________ in the circle system.
Correct Answer: Y-piece
incompetent valve
• Question
What is the normal Vd/Vt ratio?
Correct Answer: Vd/Vt= 150 ml/ 450 ml = 0.33 or 33%
• Question
The normal ration of ventilation to perfusion is _________.
Correct Answer: 0.8
4/5= 0.8
• Question
Normal FRC= ____ ml/kg
Correct Answer: 35 ml/kg
• Question
VO2 (oxygen consumption) = _____ ml / min or ___ ml/kg/min
Correct Answer: 250 or 3.5
• Question
Time until patient desaturates = ______ / ______
Correct Answer: FRC / VO2
• Question
P50 (the PaO2 at which 50% of the Hgb is saturated = ___ - ___ mmHg
Correct Answer: 26-27
P50 increases with a _______ shift
, • Question
P50 decreases with a _______ shift
Correct Answer: right
left
• Question
Hgb species such as fetal hemoglobin, methemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin cause a
____ shift
Correct Answer: left
• Question
The Bohr effect is the influence of ____ and ____ on the OxyHgb Dissociation Curve.
Correct Answer: pCO2 and pH
• Question
The Bohr effect says that an (increased or decrease) pCO2 and (increased or decreased)
pH cause Hgb to release O2 (right shift).
Correct Answer: increased (hypercarbia)
decreased (acidosis)
• Question
The Haldane effect describes how changes in p___ influence the _____ dissociation curve.
Correct Answer: pO2
CO2
Haldane effect
The presence of oxygenated Hgb shifts the CO2 dissociation curve to the _______
• Question
The presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin shifts the CO2 dissociation curve to the
______
Correct Answer: right (= release)
left (= load) What is the pacemaker for normal breathing?
