Apex Miscellaneous Exam Questions 2026/2027 | Actual
Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
• Question
Describe the architecture of an atom
Correct Answer: The atom is the basic building block that makes up all matter
1. Protons (+) charge
2. Neutrons (neutral) charge
3. Electrons (-) charge
Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom (nucleus), electrons orbit the nucleus
in the electron cloud
How do you know if an atom carries a charge?
• Question
What is a charged atom called?
Correct Answer: An atom will have a neutral charge if electrons = protons
A positive charge if protons > electrons
A negative charge if electrons > protons
An ion is an atom that carries a positive or negative charge.
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation
An ion with a negative charge is called an anion
• Question
What is an ionic bond?
Correct Answer: An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from
one atom to another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a
positive charge. Metals tend to form ionic bonds.
Ionic bonds are common with metals as well as acids and bases.
• Question
What is a covalent bond?
Correct Answer: Involves the equal sharing of electrons. This is the strongest type of
bond.
,• Question
What is a polar covalent bond?
Correct Answer: an "in-between" type of bond
Atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the
other. This creates a polar molecule where one area of the molecule is relatively positive
and the other is relatively negative.
• Question
What are Van der Waals forces?
Correct Answer: Describe a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the
same type together.
Electrons orbiting a molecule are in constant motion. This creates a temporary partial +
and - charge at different parts of the molecule at any given time. The net result is that
electron rich areas of one molecule will be attracted to electron poor areas of another
molecule.
This is the weakest type of molecular attraction.
• Question
Define Dalton's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the OR.
Correct Answer: Dalton's law of partial pressures says that the total pressure is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture.
Ways to apply Dalton's law: -Calculate the partial pressure of an unmeasured gas
-Calculate the total pressure
-Convert partial pressure to volumes %
• Question
-Convert volume % to partial pressure At sea level, the agent monitor measures
end-tidal sevoflurane as 3%. What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled
tidal volume?
Correct Answer: Partial pressure = volumes % x total pressure
Partial pressure = 0.03 x 760 mmHg
Answer = 22.8
,• Question
Define Henry's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the operating room.
Correct Answer: At constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in solution is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
The higher the gas pressure, the more of it will dissolve into a liquid.
Increased temp = decreased solubility
Decreased temp = increased solubility.
Ways we can apply Henry's law: -Anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic
patient -Dissolved oxygen in the oxygen carrying capacity equation (CaO2)
• Question
Describe Fick's law of diffusion
Correct Answer: -Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
-Rate of transfer is proportional to: partial pressure difference, diffusion coefficient,
membrane surface area
-Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight
• Question
What are clinical examples of Fick's law of diffusion?
Correct Answer: -Diffusion hypoxia
-A patient with COPD has a reduced alveolar surface area, and therefore has a slower
rate of inhalation induction -Calculation of CO -Drug transfer across the placenta
• Question
Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac
Correct Answer: Boyle's law has an inverse relationship. As one variable gets larger, the
other gets smaller, and vice versa.
Charles's and Gay-Lussac's law have direct relationships. As one variable gets larger,
the other gets larger, and vice versa.
• Question
List examples of how Boyle's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Boyle's law = P x V
, Diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
Pneumatic bellows
Squeezing an ambu bag
Using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in an O2 tank
• Question
List several examples of how Charles's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Charles law = V/T
LMA cuff ruptures when placed in an autoclave
• Question
List several examples of how Gay-Lussac's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Gay-Lussac's law = P/T
• Question
Oxygen tank that explodes in a heated environment What is the function of the ideal gas
law?
Correct Answer: The ideal gas law unifies all 3 gas laws into a single equation
-PV = nrT
-n = number of moles -r = constant 0.0821 liter-atm/K/mole
• Question
Define Ohm's law
Correct Answer: -Current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. We can adapt Ohm's law to
understand fluid flow
• Question
How is Poiseuille's law related to Ohm's law?
Correct Answer: -Poiseuille's law is a modification of Ohm's law that incorporates vessel
diameter, viscosity, and tube length
-Blood flow = πR^4ΔP/8nl
-R = radius -P = arteriovenous pressure gradient n = viscosità -l = length
Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2026/2027 (Graded A+)
• Question
Describe the architecture of an atom
Correct Answer: The atom is the basic building block that makes up all matter
1. Protons (+) charge
2. Neutrons (neutral) charge
3. Electrons (-) charge
Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom (nucleus), electrons orbit the nucleus
in the electron cloud
How do you know if an atom carries a charge?
• Question
What is a charged atom called?
Correct Answer: An atom will have a neutral charge if electrons = protons
A positive charge if protons > electrons
A negative charge if electrons > protons
An ion is an atom that carries a positive or negative charge.
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation
An ion with a negative charge is called an anion
• Question
What is an ionic bond?
Correct Answer: An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of valence electrons from
one atom to another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a
positive charge. Metals tend to form ionic bonds.
Ionic bonds are common with metals as well as acids and bases.
• Question
What is a covalent bond?
Correct Answer: Involves the equal sharing of electrons. This is the strongest type of
bond.
,• Question
What is a polar covalent bond?
Correct Answer: an "in-between" type of bond
Atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the
other. This creates a polar molecule where one area of the molecule is relatively positive
and the other is relatively negative.
• Question
What are Van der Waals forces?
Correct Answer: Describe a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the
same type together.
Electrons orbiting a molecule are in constant motion. This creates a temporary partial +
and - charge at different parts of the molecule at any given time. The net result is that
electron rich areas of one molecule will be attracted to electron poor areas of another
molecule.
This is the weakest type of molecular attraction.
• Question
Define Dalton's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the OR.
Correct Answer: Dalton's law of partial pressures says that the total pressure is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture.
Ways to apply Dalton's law: -Calculate the partial pressure of an unmeasured gas
-Calculate the total pressure
-Convert partial pressure to volumes %
• Question
-Convert volume % to partial pressure At sea level, the agent monitor measures
end-tidal sevoflurane as 3%. What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled
tidal volume?
Correct Answer: Partial pressure = volumes % x total pressure
Partial pressure = 0.03 x 760 mmHg
Answer = 22.8
,• Question
Define Henry's law. List several examples of how it can be used in the operating room.
Correct Answer: At constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in solution is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution.
The higher the gas pressure, the more of it will dissolve into a liquid.
Increased temp = decreased solubility
Decreased temp = increased solubility.
Ways we can apply Henry's law: -Anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic
patient -Dissolved oxygen in the oxygen carrying capacity equation (CaO2)
• Question
Describe Fick's law of diffusion
Correct Answer: -Describes the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
-Rate of transfer is proportional to: partial pressure difference, diffusion coefficient,
membrane surface area
-Inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight
• Question
What are clinical examples of Fick's law of diffusion?
Correct Answer: -Diffusion hypoxia
-A patient with COPD has a reduced alveolar surface area, and therefore has a slower
rate of inhalation induction -Calculation of CO -Drug transfer across the placenta
• Question
Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac
Correct Answer: Boyle's law has an inverse relationship. As one variable gets larger, the
other gets smaller, and vice versa.
Charles's and Gay-Lussac's law have direct relationships. As one variable gets larger,
the other gets larger, and vice versa.
• Question
List examples of how Boyle's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Boyle's law = P x V
, Diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
Pneumatic bellows
Squeezing an ambu bag
Using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in an O2 tank
• Question
List several examples of how Charles's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Charles law = V/T
LMA cuff ruptures when placed in an autoclave
• Question
List several examples of how Gay-Lussac's law can be applied in the OR
Correct Answer: Gay-Lussac's law = P/T
• Question
Oxygen tank that explodes in a heated environment What is the function of the ideal gas
law?
Correct Answer: The ideal gas law unifies all 3 gas laws into a single equation
-PV = nrT
-n = number of moles -r = constant 0.0821 liter-atm/K/mole
• Question
Define Ohm's law
Correct Answer: -Current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. We can adapt Ohm's law to
understand fluid flow
• Question
How is Poiseuille's law related to Ohm's law?
Correct Answer: -Poiseuille's law is a modification of Ohm's law that incorporates vessel
diameter, viscosity, and tube length
-Blood flow = πR^4ΔP/8nl
-R = radius -P = arteriovenous pressure gradient n = viscosità -l = length
