COMS 5553 KARA LYNN SIMUCASE
ASSESSMENT COMPLETE REVIEW WITH
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● Context-Based CA
Answer: having fear or anxiety about communication in one context
while having no issues in others.
●● Audience-Based CA
Answer: Having fear or anxiety about talking to a particular individual
or group of individuals while having no issues with other individuals.
●● Situational CA
Answer: Having fear or anxiety about talking to a particular individual
or group of individuals in a particular situation.
●● Traitlike communication apprehension
Answer: - a genetic predisposition for feeling anxious in most situations
- Change can be accomplished but its typically with long-term treatment
effort.
- On a continuum, some with high levels of CA are literally "scared
speechless"
- Scared and anxious in virtually all communication situations.
,●● What can cause CA?
Answer: - Childhood reinforcement patterns experienced during
preschool development + expectancy learning (we seek to learn what
outcomes are likely to occur as a function of our behaviors).
- SO if our communication is positively reinforced we will want to
communicate more. If we are punished or given inconsistent
reinforcement or punishment when we communicate, we will want to
talk less.
●● Treating Communication Apprehension
Answer: 1. Communication Skills Training: help individuals with CA
build confidence & reduce apprehension
2. CBT - addressing negative thought patterns & replacing them with
more positive, constructive thoughts.
3. Exposure therapy - gradual exposure to communication sit, can
desensitize them.
4. Create a Supportive Environment
5. Systematic Desensitization: visualizing situations that would cause
CA and learning to relax your body as you experience them (unless
trained refer out)
6. Visualization: have the person create a pic in their mind of a
successful outcome in a feared speaking situation.
●● What is the diagnosogenic theory of stuttering?
, Answer: -The idea that the diagnosis of stuttering causes stuttering (e.g.
negative parental reaction to normal developmental disfluency)
-The child has moved from normal to abnormal speech patterns which
over time emerge as stuttering.
- This is one of the biggest reason you'll hear for not mentioning or even
treating stuttering early on.
●● What is the anticipatory struggle hypothesis for stuttering?
Answer: - Theorized that stuttering arises b/c children become
convinced that speech is difficult but must be done well. The results of
these beliefs are tension and struggle when attempting to execute
perfectly fluent speech movements.
●● What is approach-avoidance conflict for stuttering?
Answer: - Stuttering as a struggle for individuals with desires to both
speak and not speak which leads to ill-timed starts and stops that are
manifested as disfluencies.
●● State vs Trait Confidence
Answer: State: confidence that is situation specific
Trait: confidence that is born of an inherent believe in one's ability to
succeed, not situational.
●● Why are the stuttering theories wrong?
ASSESSMENT COMPLETE REVIEW WITH
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● Context-Based CA
Answer: having fear or anxiety about communication in one context
while having no issues in others.
●● Audience-Based CA
Answer: Having fear or anxiety about talking to a particular individual
or group of individuals while having no issues with other individuals.
●● Situational CA
Answer: Having fear or anxiety about talking to a particular individual
or group of individuals in a particular situation.
●● Traitlike communication apprehension
Answer: - a genetic predisposition for feeling anxious in most situations
- Change can be accomplished but its typically with long-term treatment
effort.
- On a continuum, some with high levels of CA are literally "scared
speechless"
- Scared and anxious in virtually all communication situations.
,●● What can cause CA?
Answer: - Childhood reinforcement patterns experienced during
preschool development + expectancy learning (we seek to learn what
outcomes are likely to occur as a function of our behaviors).
- SO if our communication is positively reinforced we will want to
communicate more. If we are punished or given inconsistent
reinforcement or punishment when we communicate, we will want to
talk less.
●● Treating Communication Apprehension
Answer: 1. Communication Skills Training: help individuals with CA
build confidence & reduce apprehension
2. CBT - addressing negative thought patterns & replacing them with
more positive, constructive thoughts.
3. Exposure therapy - gradual exposure to communication sit, can
desensitize them.
4. Create a Supportive Environment
5. Systematic Desensitization: visualizing situations that would cause
CA and learning to relax your body as you experience them (unless
trained refer out)
6. Visualization: have the person create a pic in their mind of a
successful outcome in a feared speaking situation.
●● What is the diagnosogenic theory of stuttering?
, Answer: -The idea that the diagnosis of stuttering causes stuttering (e.g.
negative parental reaction to normal developmental disfluency)
-The child has moved from normal to abnormal speech patterns which
over time emerge as stuttering.
- This is one of the biggest reason you'll hear for not mentioning or even
treating stuttering early on.
●● What is the anticipatory struggle hypothesis for stuttering?
Answer: - Theorized that stuttering arises b/c children become
convinced that speech is difficult but must be done well. The results of
these beliefs are tension and struggle when attempting to execute
perfectly fluent speech movements.
●● What is approach-avoidance conflict for stuttering?
Answer: - Stuttering as a struggle for individuals with desires to both
speak and not speak which leads to ill-timed starts and stops that are
manifested as disfluencies.
●● State vs Trait Confidence
Answer: State: confidence that is situation specific
Trait: confidence that is born of an inherent believe in one's ability to
succeed, not situational.
●● Why are the stuttering theories wrong?
