A4M PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
1. Identify the true statement(s) concerning the role of mitochondria in longevity, aging,
and disease.
a. Decreased mitochondrial function results in increased oxidative damage, caused by
free radical formation combined with a decrease in antioxidant enzyme system activity.
b. Maternal transmission of mitochondrial genomes is a factor in differences in longevity
between male and female organisms (Drosophila model)
c. Alteration of the electron transport chain (ETC) promotes survival and enhances
longevity (C. elegans model).
d. a, b, c are true statements
e. Only a and b are true statements - Correct Answers -1. d
For questions 2-4, match the property of the therapeutic compound, with its correct
name:
2. Shown to reduce all-cause mortality, as well as mortality specifically due to
cardiovascular disease and cancers, in men.
3. Shown to decrease the rate of telomere shortening.
4. Combined with calcium, shown to reduce mortality in the elderly.
a. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin D3
c. Vitamin E
d. CoEnzyme Q10
e. EPA/DHA - Correct Answers -2. a
3. e
4. b
5. Identify the true statements concerning the role of the inflammation in aging and
disease:
a. Inflammation is implicated as a key factor in arthritis, asthma, allergies, diabetes, and
heart disease.
b. The two major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
interleukins.
c. Activation of the protein complex nuclear factor kappa beta in response to oxidative
stress triggers as increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and
TNF-alpha.
d. Only a and b are true statements.
e. Only a and c are true statements. - Correct Answers -5. e
(the 2 major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
6. Identify the true statements concerning lifestyle (non-pharmacological) approaches in
hypertensive patients:
, a. A large percentage of essential HTN patients may be appropriate candidates, as long
as blood pressure is evaluated and clinical target organ damage, clinical CVD, DM, or
significant risk factors are not present at the time of diagnosis and do not develop later.
b. Optimum nutrition, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are counter indicated in
patients taking antihypertensive drugs.
c. Non-pharmacological approaches to HTN are not valuable in patients with normal BP.
d. A, b, c are true statements.
e. None of the above are true statements. - Correct Answers -6. a
b. ...may provide excellent adjunctive treatment...
c. ...should be encouraged...
7. Identify the true statements concerning the role of increased oxidative stress in HTN:
a. Increases oxidative stress is due to increased generation of ROS with a suppressed
response to ROS.
b. Arachidonic acid metabolites do not contribute to increased levels or ROS.
c. A reduced antioxidant reserve results from lower intracellular, extracellular,
enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
d. a, b, and c are true statements
e. None of the above are true statements. - Correct Answers -7. c
a. ...an exacerbated...
b. ...do contribute....
8. Identify the true statements concerning protein intake and effect on BP:
a. Studies have demonstrated a consistent association between high protein intake and
reduction in BP.
b. Studies have demonstrated that non-animal protein is more effective than animal
protein, in reducing BP.
c. Bovine casein-derived peptides and whey protein-derived peptides exhibit
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity.
d. Sardine muscle protein contains valyl-tyrosine (VAL-TYR), found to significantly lower
BP in HTN subjects.
e. All of the above. - Correct Answers -8. e
9. Identify the true statements concerning the mechanism of action of omega-3 and
PUFA on BP:
a. Suppress nitric oxide (NO)
b. Decreases leukotrienes
c. Reduces glycogen storage
d. Suppresses glucose uptake
e. Increases plasma norepinephrine - Correct Answers -9. b
a. stimulates NO
c. increases glycogen storage
d. increases glucose uptake
e. reduces plasma norepi
20. Identify the true statements concerning testosterone:
ANSWERS
1. Identify the true statement(s) concerning the role of mitochondria in longevity, aging,
and disease.
a. Decreased mitochondrial function results in increased oxidative damage, caused by
free radical formation combined with a decrease in antioxidant enzyme system activity.
b. Maternal transmission of mitochondrial genomes is a factor in differences in longevity
between male and female organisms (Drosophila model)
c. Alteration of the electron transport chain (ETC) promotes survival and enhances
longevity (C. elegans model).
d. a, b, c are true statements
e. Only a and b are true statements - Correct Answers -1. d
For questions 2-4, match the property of the therapeutic compound, with its correct
name:
2. Shown to reduce all-cause mortality, as well as mortality specifically due to
cardiovascular disease and cancers, in men.
3. Shown to decrease the rate of telomere shortening.
4. Combined with calcium, shown to reduce mortality in the elderly.
a. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin D3
c. Vitamin E
d. CoEnzyme Q10
e. EPA/DHA - Correct Answers -2. a
3. e
4. b
5. Identify the true statements concerning the role of the inflammation in aging and
disease:
a. Inflammation is implicated as a key factor in arthritis, asthma, allergies, diabetes, and
heart disease.
b. The two major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
interleukins.
c. Activation of the protein complex nuclear factor kappa beta in response to oxidative
stress triggers as increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and
TNF-alpha.
d. Only a and b are true statements.
e. Only a and c are true statements. - Correct Answers -5. e
(the 2 major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
6. Identify the true statements concerning lifestyle (non-pharmacological) approaches in
hypertensive patients:
, a. A large percentage of essential HTN patients may be appropriate candidates, as long
as blood pressure is evaluated and clinical target organ damage, clinical CVD, DM, or
significant risk factors are not present at the time of diagnosis and do not develop later.
b. Optimum nutrition, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are counter indicated in
patients taking antihypertensive drugs.
c. Non-pharmacological approaches to HTN are not valuable in patients with normal BP.
d. A, b, c are true statements.
e. None of the above are true statements. - Correct Answers -6. a
b. ...may provide excellent adjunctive treatment...
c. ...should be encouraged...
7. Identify the true statements concerning the role of increased oxidative stress in HTN:
a. Increases oxidative stress is due to increased generation of ROS with a suppressed
response to ROS.
b. Arachidonic acid metabolites do not contribute to increased levels or ROS.
c. A reduced antioxidant reserve results from lower intracellular, extracellular,
enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
d. a, b, and c are true statements
e. None of the above are true statements. - Correct Answers -7. c
a. ...an exacerbated...
b. ...do contribute....
8. Identify the true statements concerning protein intake and effect on BP:
a. Studies have demonstrated a consistent association between high protein intake and
reduction in BP.
b. Studies have demonstrated that non-animal protein is more effective than animal
protein, in reducing BP.
c. Bovine casein-derived peptides and whey protein-derived peptides exhibit
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity.
d. Sardine muscle protein contains valyl-tyrosine (VAL-TYR), found to significantly lower
BP in HTN subjects.
e. All of the above. - Correct Answers -8. e
9. Identify the true statements concerning the mechanism of action of omega-3 and
PUFA on BP:
a. Suppress nitric oxide (NO)
b. Decreases leukotrienes
c. Reduces glycogen storage
d. Suppresses glucose uptake
e. Increases plasma norepinephrine - Correct Answers -9. b
a. stimulates NO
c. increases glycogen storage
d. increases glucose uptake
e. reduces plasma norepi
20. Identify the true statements concerning testosterone:
