NURS 6501 MIDTERM EXAM (WALDEN)
+)NEWEST 2026/ 2027 ACTUAL EXAM
TEST BANK| NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 1-6 MIDTERM
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GUARANTEED PASS
(GRADED A
Question 1
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells, resulting in enlargement of an organ?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size,
causing enlargement of the affected tissue or organ. Cardiac
muscle enlargement in response to hypertension is a common
example.
,Question 2
A patient develops tissue swelling and redness following an
ankle sprain. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily
responsible for increased vascular permeability?
A. Albumin
B. Histamine
C. Hemoglobin
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells promotes
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to
edema and redness during acute inflammation.
Question 3
Which electrolyte is the major intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Chloride
Answer: C. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation and
plays a critical role in maintaining cellular membrane potential
and neuromuscular function.
,Question 4
A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.30 and elevated PaCO₂.
Which acid-base imbalance is most likely present?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis occurs when carbon dioxide
accumulates due to inadequate ventilation, lowering blood pH.
Question 5
Which statement best describes apoptosis?
A. Uncontrolled cell death resulting in inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without significant inflammation
C. Cell enlargement due to increased workload
D. Reversible cellular swelling
Answer: B. Programmed cell death without significant
inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process that removes
damaged or unnecessary cells while minimizing inflammation.
, Question 6
The inheritance pattern in which only one copy of a mutated
gene is required for disease expression is known as:
A. Autosomal recessive
B. X-linked recessive
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: C. Autosomal dominant
Rationale: In autosomal dominant disorders, a single mutated
allele can cause the disease phenotype.
Question 7
Which component of innate immunity provides the first line of
defense against pathogens?
A. Antibodies
B. T lymphocytes
C. Skin and mucous membranes
D. Memory B cells
Answer: C. Skin and mucous membranes
Rationale: Physical barriers such as skin and mucous
membranes prevent pathogen entry and are key components of
innate immunity.
+)NEWEST 2026/ 2027 ACTUAL EXAM
TEST BANK| NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 1-6 MIDTERM
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GUARANTEED PASS
(GRADED A
Question 1
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells, resulting in enlargement of an organ?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size,
causing enlargement of the affected tissue or organ. Cardiac
muscle enlargement in response to hypertension is a common
example.
,Question 2
A patient develops tissue swelling and redness following an
ankle sprain. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily
responsible for increased vascular permeability?
A. Albumin
B. Histamine
C. Hemoglobin
D. Insulin
Answer: B. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells promotes
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, leading to
edema and redness during acute inflammation.
Question 3
Which electrolyte is the major intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Chloride
Answer: C. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation and
plays a critical role in maintaining cellular membrane potential
and neuromuscular function.
,Question 4
A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.30 and elevated PaCO₂.
Which acid-base imbalance is most likely present?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic acidosis
Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis occurs when carbon dioxide
accumulates due to inadequate ventilation, lowering blood pH.
Question 5
Which statement best describes apoptosis?
A. Uncontrolled cell death resulting in inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without significant inflammation
C. Cell enlargement due to increased workload
D. Reversible cellular swelling
Answer: B. Programmed cell death without significant
inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process that removes
damaged or unnecessary cells while minimizing inflammation.
, Question 6
The inheritance pattern in which only one copy of a mutated
gene is required for disease expression is known as:
A. Autosomal recessive
B. X-linked recessive
C. Autosomal dominant
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: C. Autosomal dominant
Rationale: In autosomal dominant disorders, a single mutated
allele can cause the disease phenotype.
Question 7
Which component of innate immunity provides the first line of
defense against pathogens?
A. Antibodies
B. T lymphocytes
C. Skin and mucous membranes
D. Memory B cells
Answer: C. Skin and mucous membranes
Rationale: Physical barriers such as skin and mucous
membranes prevent pathogen entry and are key components of
innate immunity.
