PNB 2265 Complete Exam Questions & Answers |
Comprehensive Study Guide
Lymphatic System Consists of
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs
Lymph
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the
lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and
efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus
Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow
Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where the B cells mature
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Body fluid homeostasis and immune system
Lymph Nodes
Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from nodules), where 99% of antigens are
removed and processed (FILTERS), contain macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules
Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found in CT under the epithelium of respiratory,
digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules
,Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules
Nodule is not a filter and located in specific places and not always attached to lymphatic
channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a filter
Spleen
Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may initiate immune response
GALT/MALT
Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's patches in SI and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes
WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils
Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils
Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils
Worms
Monocytes
Become macropages
Lymphocytes
Specific immune responses (except NK)
Lymphocyte Types
B cells, T cells and NK cells
B Cells
Specific immune antibody mediated
T Cells
,Specific immune cell mediated
Types of T Cells
Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Suppressor T cells
Helper T Cells
Stimulate the activation of T cells and B cells
Suppressor T cells
Inhibit activation of B and T cells, and inhibit production of memory cells (B+T), cytotoxic T cells,
and plasma cells
Plasma Cells
Effector B cells that produce antibodies
Macrophages
Large phagocytes, may leave circulatory system and go to other tissues
Mast Cells
Produce histamine
Dendritic Cells
Highly motile, they are not macrophages but able to phagocytose, found in almost all tissues
(esp. ports of entry)
Other Defense Mechanism
Detoxification (by liver usually) by metabolic conversion of foreign chemicals and STRESS
SYNDROME
Events of Phagocyte Mobilization
1) Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow and go to damaged area
2) Margination (neut. adhere to BV wall)
3) Diapedesis (movement of neut. through capillary wall)
4) Positive Chemotaxis (neut. follow chemical trail to site of response)
Process of Phagocytosis
Figure 18.4 LOOK THIS UP*****
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy
, Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy
Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses
Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of damaged
cells
Negative Aspect of Immune
Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses
(Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its identity) Physical
barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system,
inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers
Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland,
hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of
the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes
Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage, eosinophil,
monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance
Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons
Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System
(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
Comprehensive Study Guide
Lymphatic System Consists of
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs
Lymph
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the
lymphatic system into the bloodstream
Lymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph, capillaries are blind-ended located at vascular capillary beds, can be afferent and
efferent
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Thymus and bone marrow ("lymphoid tissue")
Thymus
Primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes mature
Bone Marrow
Primary lymphoid organ that produces all lymphocytes, where the B cells mature
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Body fluid homeostasis and immune system
Lymph Nodes
Capsule of fibrous tissue, partitions (differentiated from nodules), where 99% of antigens are
removed and processed (FILTERS), contain macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Found in certain tissues, if activated migrate to lymph nodes to present antigen
Lymphatic Nodules
Lymphocytes densely packed in loose CT, found in CT under the epithelium of respiratory,
digestive, and urinatry tracts NO FIBROUS CAPSULE
Examples of Lymphatic Nodules
,Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Nodes vs. Nodules
Nodule is not a filter and located in specific places and not always attached to lymphatic
channels
Nodule is a tiny chunk of immune cells and does not have vessels like nodes do not a filter
Spleen
Lymphoid tissue, FILTER (removes RBC) stores Fe and may initiate immune response
GALT/MALT
Gut/mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (peyer's patches in SI and nodules in appendix)
Leukocytes
WBCs, NLMEB
Neutrophils
Inflammation, phagocytosis
Basophils
Produce histamine, heparin
Eosinophils
Worms
Monocytes
Become macropages
Lymphocytes
Specific immune responses (except NK)
Lymphocyte Types
B cells, T cells and NK cells
B Cells
Specific immune antibody mediated
T Cells
,Specific immune cell mediated
Types of T Cells
Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Suppressor T cells
Helper T Cells
Stimulate the activation of T cells and B cells
Suppressor T cells
Inhibit activation of B and T cells, and inhibit production of memory cells (B+T), cytotoxic T cells,
and plasma cells
Plasma Cells
Effector B cells that produce antibodies
Macrophages
Large phagocytes, may leave circulatory system and go to other tissues
Mast Cells
Produce histamine
Dendritic Cells
Highly motile, they are not macrophages but able to phagocytose, found in almost all tissues
(esp. ports of entry)
Other Defense Mechanism
Detoxification (by liver usually) by metabolic conversion of foreign chemicals and STRESS
SYNDROME
Events of Phagocyte Mobilization
1) Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow and go to damaged area
2) Margination (neut. adhere to BV wall)
3) Diapedesis (movement of neut. through capillary wall)
4) Positive Chemotaxis (neut. follow chemical trail to site of response)
Process of Phagocytosis
Figure 18.4 LOOK THIS UP*****
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy
, Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy
Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses
Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of damaged
cells
Negative Aspect of Immune
Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses
(Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its identity) Physical
barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement system,
inflammatory response, fever
Physical Barriers
Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of sweat gland,
hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals, ciliated mucosa, acidity of
the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes
Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage, eosinophil,
monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance
Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse them
Interferons
Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Complement System
(Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then lyses it
