CMN 552 FINAL ACTUAL TEST PAPER FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania?
Answer: Dopamine activity may be reduced in depression and
increased in mania
◉ How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology?
Answer: Loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnal awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3)
increased phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and (4)
increased core body temperature. T
◉ What is the most common abnormality found in structural and
functional brain imaging in depressive disorders?
Answer: Increased frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in
subcortical regions, such as periventricular regions, the basal
ganglia, and the thalamus
,◉ What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed
patients?
Answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2) about
the environment—a tendency to experience the world as hostile and
demanding, and (3) about the future—the expectation of suffering
and failure
◉ What is learned helplessness?
Answer: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or
human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
◉ What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood
disorders?
Answer: Table 8.1-7
◉ What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients
with mood disorders?
Answer: MDD: The percentage of patients recovering after repeated
hospitalization decreases with passing time. Generally, as a patient
experiences more and more depressive episodes, the time between
the episodes decreases, and the severity of each episode increases.
Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with major
depressive disorder. About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar
I disorder may have a second manic episode within 2 years of the
,first episode. poor occupational status, alcohol dependence,
psychotic features, depressive features, interepisode depressive
features, and male gender were all factors that contributed a poor
prognosis. Short duration of manic episodes, advanced age of onset,
few suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting psychiatric or medical
problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder indicate
that the diagnosis is stable because there is a high likelihood that
patients with bipolar II disorder will have the same diagnosis up to 5
years later. Bipolar II disorder is a chronic disease that warrants
long-term treatment strategies.
◉ What is endogenous depression?
Answer: depression with no apparent cause
◉ What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
with atypical features in a depressed patient?
Answer: Catatonic features
Postpartum onset
Rapid cycling
Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
, Leaden paralysis
◉ What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a
diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?
Answer: *Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been
present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from
previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1)
depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by
subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation
made by others (e.g., appears tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all,
activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by
subjective account or observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change
of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase
in appetite nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania?
Answer: Dopamine activity may be reduced in depression and
increased in mania
◉ How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology?
Answer: Loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnal awakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3)
increased phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and (4)
increased core body temperature. T
◉ What is the most common abnormality found in structural and
functional brain imaging in depressive disorders?
Answer: Increased frequency of abnormal hyperintensities in
subcortical regions, such as periventricular regions, the basal
ganglia, and the thalamus
,◉ What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed
patients?
Answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2) about
the environment—a tendency to experience the world as hostile and
demanding, and (3) about the future—the expectation of suffering
and failure
◉ What is learned helplessness?
Answer: the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or
human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
◉ What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood
disorders?
Answer: Table 8.1-7
◉ What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients
with mood disorders?
Answer: MDD: The percentage of patients recovering after repeated
hospitalization decreases with passing time. Generally, as a patient
experiences more and more depressive episodes, the time between
the episodes decreases, and the severity of each episode increases.
Bipolar I: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with major
depressive disorder. About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar
I disorder may have a second manic episode within 2 years of the
,first episode. poor occupational status, alcohol dependence,
psychotic features, depressive features, interepisode depressive
features, and male gender were all factors that contributed a poor
prognosis. Short duration of manic episodes, advanced age of onset,
few suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting psychiatric or medical
problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder indicate
that the diagnosis is stable because there is a high likelihood that
patients with bipolar II disorder will have the same diagnosis up to 5
years later. Bipolar II disorder is a chronic disease that warrants
long-term treatment strategies.
◉ What is endogenous depression?
Answer: depression with no apparent cause
◉ What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
with atypical features in a depressed patient?
Answer: Catatonic features
Postpartum onset
Rapid cycling
Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
, Leaden paralysis
◉ What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a
diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?
Answer: *Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been
present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from
previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1)
depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by
subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation
made by others (e.g., appears tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all,
activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by
subjective account or observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change
of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase
in appetite nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
