NYSTCE School
Counselor CST (193)
Exam | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
,1940s and 1950s Federal legislation enhances training and positions in school
counseling.
Establishment of the American School Counselor Association.
1960s and 1970s Introduction of school counseling in elementary schools. Conceptualization of
comprehensive school counseling
programs.
1980s and 1990s Focus on the role and functions of school counselors and the
adoption of state models.
2000-2010 Acknowledgment of the term change to school counselor
and the importance of elementary school counselors.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs designed to support students' academic, career, and personal/social
development. These proactive programs focus on prevention and early
intervention rather than simply reacting to crises.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs often -Core curriculum lessons: Teaching students life skills, decision-making, and
include problem-solving.
-Small group counseling: Addressing specific student needs or concerns.
-Individual counseling: Providing support for individual students facing
challenges.
-Consultation with teachers and parents: Collaborating to address student
needs.
-Advocacy: Representing students' interests and needs.
School counselors encourage the following mindsets -Belief in development of whole self, including a healthy balance of mental,
for all students. social/emotional and physical well-being
-Sense of acceptance, respect, support and inclusion for self and others in the
school environment
-Positive attitude toward work and learning
-Self-confidence in ability to succeed
-Belief in using abilities to their fullest to achieve high-quality results and
outcomes
-Understanding that postsecondary education and lifelong learning are
necessary for long-term succes
Psychodynamic Theory Developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the influence of the unconscious
mind on behavior. School counselors can utilize this theory by exploring
students' past experiences and how these shape their current thoughts and
actions. Understanding defense mechanisms can also help counselors
recognize the emotional struggles students may face.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) focuses on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Counselors can encourage students to identify negative thought patterns and
replace them with positive ones. This approach is especially helpful for
students experiencing anxiety or depression, as it empowers them to take
control of their thoughts and emotions.
, Humanistic/Rogerian Theory founded by Carl Rogers, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.
School counselors can apply this theory by creating a supportive environment
where students feel safe to express themselves. Building rapport and showing
empathy are key components of this approach, allowing counselors to foster a
trusting relationship with students.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy a goal-oriented approach that emphasizes solutions rather than problems.
School counselors can use this model by helping students set realistic goals
and identify their strengths. This method encourages students to envision their
preferred future and explore the steps needed to achieve it.
Adlerian Theory Alfred Adler's theories underline the significance of social needs and feelings
of inferiority in shaping individuals' behaviors and interactions. He emphasizes
the importance of cooperation, self-improvement, and overcoming insecurities
by working with others. Adler also highlights the impact of birth order on
children's development within the family dynamic.
Effective school counselors are portrayed as individuals who build trust
through genuine interactions, maintain professionalism, and provide efficient
and successful interventions. They must navigate student culture while fostering
a supportive counseling environment. Listening, empathy, and understanding
are essential skills for counselors to establish meaningful connections with
students.
Implementation Steps of Adlerian Theory 1. Understanding Lifestyle and Goals:
Activity: The counselor explores the student’s background, family dynamics,
and experiences to understand their lifestyle and how these factors influence
their academic goals.
Counselor's Role: This may involve discussing the student’s interests, strengths,
and perceived barriers to academic achievement.
2. Encouraging Social Interest:
Activity: The counselor emphasizes the importance of social connections and
collaboration in the learning process. They might encourage the student to
engage in group study sessions or extracurricular activities.
Counselor's Role: The counselor helps the student recognize how building
relationships and contributing to the community can enhance their sense of
belonging and motivation.
3. Promoting Goal Setting:
Activity: The counselor guides the student in setting specific, attainable
academic goals that align with their interests and values (e.g., “I want to
improve my math grade by participating in a tutoring program”).
Counselor's Role: This process involves helping the student identify both short-
term and long-term goals, fostering a sense of purpose and direction.
4. Encouraging Self-Reflection:
Activity: The counselor facilitates discussions about the student's achievements
and challenges, encouraging self-reflection on their academic journey.
Counselor's Role: This helps students recognize their progress and develop a
growth mindset, reinforcing the idea that effort and persistence are key to
success.
Rational Emotive Behavior Theory developed by Albert Ellis, focuses on identifying and challenging irrational
beliefs that can lead to emotional distress and self-defeating behaviors. In the
context of academic achievement, counselors can help students recognize
how their thoughts about school and their abilities affect their performance.
Counselor CST (193)
Exam | Study Guide,
Practice Questions &
Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
,1940s and 1950s Federal legislation enhances training and positions in school
counseling.
Establishment of the American School Counselor Association.
1960s and 1970s Introduction of school counseling in elementary schools. Conceptualization of
comprehensive school counseling
programs.
1980s and 1990s Focus on the role and functions of school counselors and the
adoption of state models.
2000-2010 Acknowledgment of the term change to school counselor
and the importance of elementary school counselors.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs designed to support students' academic, career, and personal/social
development. These proactive programs focus on prevention and early
intervention rather than simply reacting to crises.
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs often -Core curriculum lessons: Teaching students life skills, decision-making, and
include problem-solving.
-Small group counseling: Addressing specific student needs or concerns.
-Individual counseling: Providing support for individual students facing
challenges.
-Consultation with teachers and parents: Collaborating to address student
needs.
-Advocacy: Representing students' interests and needs.
School counselors encourage the following mindsets -Belief in development of whole self, including a healthy balance of mental,
for all students. social/emotional and physical well-being
-Sense of acceptance, respect, support and inclusion for self and others in the
school environment
-Positive attitude toward work and learning
-Self-confidence in ability to succeed
-Belief in using abilities to their fullest to achieve high-quality results and
outcomes
-Understanding that postsecondary education and lifelong learning are
necessary for long-term succes
Psychodynamic Theory Developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the influence of the unconscious
mind on behavior. School counselors can utilize this theory by exploring
students' past experiences and how these shape their current thoughts and
actions. Understanding defense mechanisms can also help counselors
recognize the emotional struggles students may face.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) focuses on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Counselors can encourage students to identify negative thought patterns and
replace them with positive ones. This approach is especially helpful for
students experiencing anxiety or depression, as it empowers them to take
control of their thoughts and emotions.
, Humanistic/Rogerian Theory founded by Carl Rogers, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.
School counselors can apply this theory by creating a supportive environment
where students feel safe to express themselves. Building rapport and showing
empathy are key components of this approach, allowing counselors to foster a
trusting relationship with students.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy a goal-oriented approach that emphasizes solutions rather than problems.
School counselors can use this model by helping students set realistic goals
and identify their strengths. This method encourages students to envision their
preferred future and explore the steps needed to achieve it.
Adlerian Theory Alfred Adler's theories underline the significance of social needs and feelings
of inferiority in shaping individuals' behaviors and interactions. He emphasizes
the importance of cooperation, self-improvement, and overcoming insecurities
by working with others. Adler also highlights the impact of birth order on
children's development within the family dynamic.
Effective school counselors are portrayed as individuals who build trust
through genuine interactions, maintain professionalism, and provide efficient
and successful interventions. They must navigate student culture while fostering
a supportive counseling environment. Listening, empathy, and understanding
are essential skills for counselors to establish meaningful connections with
students.
Implementation Steps of Adlerian Theory 1. Understanding Lifestyle and Goals:
Activity: The counselor explores the student’s background, family dynamics,
and experiences to understand their lifestyle and how these factors influence
their academic goals.
Counselor's Role: This may involve discussing the student’s interests, strengths,
and perceived barriers to academic achievement.
2. Encouraging Social Interest:
Activity: The counselor emphasizes the importance of social connections and
collaboration in the learning process. They might encourage the student to
engage in group study sessions or extracurricular activities.
Counselor's Role: The counselor helps the student recognize how building
relationships and contributing to the community can enhance their sense of
belonging and motivation.
3. Promoting Goal Setting:
Activity: The counselor guides the student in setting specific, attainable
academic goals that align with their interests and values (e.g., “I want to
improve my math grade by participating in a tutoring program”).
Counselor's Role: This process involves helping the student identify both short-
term and long-term goals, fostering a sense of purpose and direction.
4. Encouraging Self-Reflection:
Activity: The counselor facilitates discussions about the student's achievements
and challenges, encouraging self-reflection on their academic journey.
Counselor's Role: This helps students recognize their progress and develop a
growth mindset, reinforcing the idea that effort and persistence are key to
success.
Rational Emotive Behavior Theory developed by Albert Ellis, focuses on identifying and challenging irrational
beliefs that can lead to emotional distress and self-defeating behaviors. In the
context of academic achievement, counselors can help students recognize
how their thoughts about school and their abilities affect their performance.
