EDF 6222 FINAL EXAMS WITH CORRECT
ANSWER
1. psychophysical parallelism - ANSWER-While some methodological
behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them
completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was
once referred to as .
2. methodological - ANSWER-behaviorism might be thought of as a
psychological version of logical positivism or operationism.
3. introspection - ANSWER-Structuralism relied on , which looked inward
to describe sensations, images, and feelings
4. philosophy - ANSWER-"Behaviorism is not the science of human
behavior; it is the of that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3).
5. parsimony - ANSWER-With , we look for the simplest explanation
possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations.
6. bias, evidence, replication - ANSWER-In order to be excellent stewards
of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when
gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing ___ by
ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual ___(as
opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the
intervention), ___ , and self-correction.
7. evidence - ANSWER-Being scientifically skeptical means that until there
is available, assumptions should not be made.
,8. science, lawful relations - ANSWER-"___ is more than the mere
description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order,
to show that certain events stand in ___ to other events (Skinner, 1953,
p.6)."
9. mentalistic, explanatory - ANSWER-In Pavlov's early research, he did
not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food,
and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that
allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to
elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed
him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions
10. debilitating - ANSWER-The evolutionary explanation for reflexes
indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we
know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that
serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives.
11. conditioning, stimulus control, novel - ANSWER-Skinner (1953)
informed us "Although the process of __ greatly extends the scope of
the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism
within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different
eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response.
12. prediction, control, accessible - ANSWER-According to Skinner,
contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of
survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with
__ and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior
are relatively __ and can often be manipulated".
13. ontogeny - ANSWER-is the learned behaviors of a particular
animal during its lifetime.
14. phylogeny - ANSWER-is behaviors that have been passed down
over the lifetime of the entire species.
, 15. chain, learned - ANSWER-It can be difficult to distinguish between
ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person
viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But
each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just
because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that
it was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no
comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic
contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208).
16. genes, environment, cause - ANSWER-Moore (2015) stated " __
predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p.
27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather,
they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that
participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the
environment.
17. model - ANSWER-Imitative responses necessarily require the
learner to orient toward the __ rather than the topographical
correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model.
18. discriminative control - ANSWER-The use of the mirror provides
the additional feedback required to receive __ of the model.
19. think - ANSWER-The most substantial origins of our
understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial
idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
20. law of effect, pleasant, decrease - ANSWER-Thorndike's __
succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when
behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __ when
followed by negative stimuli
ANSWER
1. psychophysical parallelism - ANSWER-While some methodological
behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them
completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was
once referred to as .
2. methodological - ANSWER-behaviorism might be thought of as a
psychological version of logical positivism or operationism.
3. introspection - ANSWER-Structuralism relied on , which looked inward
to describe sensations, images, and feelings
4. philosophy - ANSWER-"Behaviorism is not the science of human
behavior; it is the of that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3).
5. parsimony - ANSWER-With , we look for the simplest explanation
possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations.
6. bias, evidence, replication - ANSWER-In order to be excellent stewards
of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when
gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing ___ by
ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual ___(as
opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the
intervention), ___ , and self-correction.
7. evidence - ANSWER-Being scientifically skeptical means that until there
is available, assumptions should not be made.
,8. science, lawful relations - ANSWER-"___ is more than the mere
description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order,
to show that certain events stand in ___ to other events (Skinner, 1953,
p.6)."
9. mentalistic, explanatory - ANSWER-In Pavlov's early research, he did
not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food,
and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that
allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to
elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed
him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions
10. debilitating - ANSWER-The evolutionary explanation for reflexes
indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we
know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that
serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives.
11. conditioning, stimulus control, novel - ANSWER-Skinner (1953)
informed us "Although the process of __ greatly extends the scope of
the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism
within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different
eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response.
12. prediction, control, accessible - ANSWER-According to Skinner,
contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of
survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with
__ and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior
are relatively __ and can often be manipulated".
13. ontogeny - ANSWER-is the learned behaviors of a particular
animal during its lifetime.
14. phylogeny - ANSWER-is behaviors that have been passed down
over the lifetime of the entire species.
, 15. chain, learned - ANSWER-It can be difficult to distinguish between
ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person
viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But
each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just
because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that
it was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no
comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic
contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208).
16. genes, environment, cause - ANSWER-Moore (2015) stated " __
predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p.
27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather,
they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that
participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the
environment.
17. model - ANSWER-Imitative responses necessarily require the
learner to orient toward the __ rather than the topographical
correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model.
18. discriminative control - ANSWER-The use of the mirror provides
the additional feedback required to receive __ of the model.
19. think - ANSWER-The most substantial origins of our
understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial
idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
20. law of effect, pleasant, decrease - ANSWER-Thorndike's __
succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when
behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __ when
followed by negative stimuli
