KUBY IMMUNOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWER -When Metchinikoff noticed that these cells were
more active in animals that were immunized, therefore thought cells rather than serum
were major effectors of immunity
Antibodies - ANSWER -the soluble active molecules in the immunoglobulin fraction of
serum
Humoral Immunity - ANSWER -the immunologic events that the antibodies (produced
by B cells) participated in
Antiserum - ANSWER -the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen-
exposed individual
Passive Immunity - ANSWER -the transferring of immunoglobulins to treat a disease
that the individual did not make on his or her own. short lived and limited.
Active Immunity - ANSWER -the administration of a vaccine to induce one's own
immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides protection for years.
Lymphocyte - ANSWER -a type of white blood cell that is responsible for both cellular
and humoral immunity.
Antigen - ANSWER -any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T
lymphocytes.
Immunity - ANSWER -a state of protection from infectious disease
Variolation - ANSWER -dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled
or inserted into small cuts in the skin
Edward Jenner - ANSWER -made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
Louis Pasteur - ANSWER -grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
Herd Immunity - ANSWER -the decrease in likelihood that a person will become
infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is vaccinated and immune
Phagocytes - ANSWER -certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms and other
foreign material
,Clonal Selection Theory - ANSWER -an individual B or T lymphocyte expresses many
copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - ANSWER -detect changes that occur within the host cell by
binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning system to
alert the cell about the invader.
T Helper Cells - ANSWER -Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are pivotal for
selecting the pathway taken by the immune response
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER -Common foreign
structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system
frequently recognizes first.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER -Proteins encoded in the genomic
DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of defense for
the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most
common invaders and bind to PAMPs.
Generation of Diversity - ANSWER -To favor randomness in the design of some
recognition molecules.
B-Cell Receptors - ANSWER -Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are
antibodies in their secreted form.
T-Cell Receptors - ANSWER -Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have no
soluble form.
Tolerance - ANSWER -Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid accidentally
recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on self/non-self discrimination.
Danger Model - ANSWER -Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the immune system
constantly evaluates each new encounter more for its potential to be dangerous versus
safe to the host than for whether it is self versus non-self.
Alarmins - ANSWER -Engage specific host recognition molecules that deliver a signal to
immune cells to get involved during these unnatural causes of cellular death
Innate Immunity - ANSWER -Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using inherited
recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
Complement - ANSWER -Pre-existing serum proteins that bind common pathogen-
associated structures and initiate a cascade of labeling and destruction events in the
innate immunity.
, Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER -Slow but highly specialized to the pathogen, and rely on
randomly generated recognition receptors made by B and T cells.
Cytokines - ANSWER -Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on responding cells,
inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can result in activation, proliferation, and
differentiation of target cells.
Immunologic Memory - ANSWER -Ability of the immune system to respond much more
swiftly and with greater efficiency during a second exposure to the same pathogen.
Primary Response - ANSWER -Key lymphocytes that will be used to eradicate the
pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection and create
memory cells.
Secondary Response - ANSWER -Subsequent encounters with the same antigen or
pathogen.
Pathological Inflammation - ANSWER -An influx of immune cells and molecules that
results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic inflammation and rampant tissue
destruction.
Immune Deficiency - ANSWER -Caused by a failure to properly deploy the immune
response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that can allow
pathogens to get the upper hand.
Immune Imbalance - ANSWER -Result from changes in the environment that disrupt
immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune conditions.
Hypersensitivity Reactions - ANSWER -Overly zealous attacks on common benign but
foreign antigens.
Anaphylaxis - ANSWER -An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the immune
response to something it has encountered before.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - ANSWER -An antibody that binds to its specific antigen
induces the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the
accumulation of cells and fluid at the site.
Autoimmune Disease - ANSWER -Erroneous targeting of self-proteins or tissues by
immune cells.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) - ANSWER -Immune deficiency that
affects both B and T cells and basically wipes out adaptive immunity and bone marrow
transplant is the most effective treatment.
AND ANSWERS
Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWER -When Metchinikoff noticed that these cells were
more active in animals that were immunized, therefore thought cells rather than serum
were major effectors of immunity
Antibodies - ANSWER -the soluble active molecules in the immunoglobulin fraction of
serum
Humoral Immunity - ANSWER -the immunologic events that the antibodies (produced
by B cells) participated in
Antiserum - ANSWER -the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen-
exposed individual
Passive Immunity - ANSWER -the transferring of immunoglobulins to treat a disease
that the individual did not make on his or her own. short lived and limited.
Active Immunity - ANSWER -the administration of a vaccine to induce one's own
immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides protection for years.
Lymphocyte - ANSWER -a type of white blood cell that is responsible for both cellular
and humoral immunity.
Antigen - ANSWER -any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T
lymphocytes.
Immunity - ANSWER -a state of protection from infectious disease
Variolation - ANSWER -dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled
or inserted into small cuts in the skin
Edward Jenner - ANSWER -made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
Louis Pasteur - ANSWER -grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
Herd Immunity - ANSWER -the decrease in likelihood that a person will become
infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is vaccinated and immune
Phagocytes - ANSWER -certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms and other
foreign material
,Clonal Selection Theory - ANSWER -an individual B or T lymphocyte expresses many
copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - ANSWER -detect changes that occur within the host cell by
binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning system to
alert the cell about the invader.
T Helper Cells - ANSWER -Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are pivotal for
selecting the pathway taken by the immune response
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER -Common foreign
structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system
frequently recognizes first.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER -Proteins encoded in the genomic
DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of defense for
the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most
common invaders and bind to PAMPs.
Generation of Diversity - ANSWER -To favor randomness in the design of some
recognition molecules.
B-Cell Receptors - ANSWER -Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are
antibodies in their secreted form.
T-Cell Receptors - ANSWER -Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have no
soluble form.
Tolerance - ANSWER -Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid accidentally
recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on self/non-self discrimination.
Danger Model - ANSWER -Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the immune system
constantly evaluates each new encounter more for its potential to be dangerous versus
safe to the host than for whether it is self versus non-self.
Alarmins - ANSWER -Engage specific host recognition molecules that deliver a signal to
immune cells to get involved during these unnatural causes of cellular death
Innate Immunity - ANSWER -Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using inherited
recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
Complement - ANSWER -Pre-existing serum proteins that bind common pathogen-
associated structures and initiate a cascade of labeling and destruction events in the
innate immunity.
, Adaptive Immunity - ANSWER -Slow but highly specialized to the pathogen, and rely on
randomly generated recognition receptors made by B and T cells.
Cytokines - ANSWER -Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on responding cells,
inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can result in activation, proliferation, and
differentiation of target cells.
Immunologic Memory - ANSWER -Ability of the immune system to respond much more
swiftly and with greater efficiency during a second exposure to the same pathogen.
Primary Response - ANSWER -Key lymphocytes that will be used to eradicate the
pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection and create
memory cells.
Secondary Response - ANSWER -Subsequent encounters with the same antigen or
pathogen.
Pathological Inflammation - ANSWER -An influx of immune cells and molecules that
results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic inflammation and rampant tissue
destruction.
Immune Deficiency - ANSWER -Caused by a failure to properly deploy the immune
response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that can allow
pathogens to get the upper hand.
Immune Imbalance - ANSWER -Result from changes in the environment that disrupt
immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune conditions.
Hypersensitivity Reactions - ANSWER -Overly zealous attacks on common benign but
foreign antigens.
Anaphylaxis - ANSWER -An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the immune
response to something it has encountered before.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - ANSWER -An antibody that binds to its specific antigen
induces the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the
accumulation of cells and fluid at the site.
Autoimmune Disease - ANSWER -Erroneous targeting of self-proteins or tissues by
immune cells.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) - ANSWER -Immune deficiency that
affects both B and T cells and basically wipes out adaptive immunity and bone marrow
transplant is the most effective treatment.
