AQA hPsychology hPaper h2 hApproaches hquestions hwith
hcompete hanswers
1. Structuralism: h Using hintrospection hto hdiscover hand hdescribe hthe hnature hof
hhuman hconsciousness. hBreaking hdown hconscious hthought hinto hits hconstituent hparts.
hHe hused hcontrolled hmethods hwith hstandardized hinstructions hand hreplications. hBy hWundt
hin hthe hfirst hPsychology hlab hin hthe h19th hcentury
2. Emergence hof hPsychology has ha hScience: hWatson hQuestioned hthe
hsubjectivity hof hintrospection,
diflcult hto hdraw hprinciples hfrom. hThis hled hto hthe hbehaviourist happroach hthrough
hWatson hand hSkinner. hThis hcreated hthe hbasis hfor hthe hexperimental hmethod hwith
hlab hcontrolled hexperiments. hSince hthen hother happroaches hhave hmade hvariations,
hsuch has hthe hinferences hof hthe hcognitive happroach.
3. Behaviourist happroach hAssumptions: hAll hbehaviours hare hlearnt hfrom hour
henvironment h(we're
born htabula hrasa). hAnimals hand hhumans hlearn hin hthe hsame hway h(classical hand hoperant
hconditioning) hand hso hanimal hstudies hcan hbe hgeneralised hto hhumans. hPsychology hshould
hbe hscientific hand huse hlabatory hsettings hand hhave hhigh hcontrol.
4. Classical hConditioning: h3 hstages: hUCS h= hUCR. hNS= hNR
UCS+NS=UCR
hNS=CR
Example h- hPavlov's hDog
5. Operant hConditioning: hPositive
hreinforcement- hReward hNegative hReinforcement h-
hStopping hsomething hunpleasant
Punishment h- han hunpleasant hconsequence h(example hbaby hand
hMother) hExperiment h- hSkinner's hBox
6. Application h of h Behaviourism: h increased hunderstanding hof hPhobias hand
hattachment. hProduced hther-
apies hsuch has htoken heconomies hand hsystematic hdesensitisation
7. Evaluation hfor hthe hBehaviourist happroach: hExperimental hSupport h-
hPavlov, hSkinner, hWatson's h'little hAlbert'
1 h/
h16
,Introduced hscientific hmethods hto hpsychology
Animals hare hcognitively, hsocially hand hphysiologically hditterent hfrom hhumans.
hLow hecological hvalidity hPractical happlications hto htreatments hfor hphobias
Doesn't htake hinto haccount hbiological hfactors; hneural hand hgenetic hexplanations
Neglects hfree hwill, harguing hit hto hbe han hillusion
2 h/
h16
, 8. What his hSocial hLearning hTheory: h By hBandura. hBehaviour his hlearnt hthrough
hobservation hand himitation hof hothers' hbehaviour. hIt halso hinvovles hmental hprocess hin
hlearning hand hso hisn't hpurely hbehaviourist
9. Stages hof hSocial hLearning hTheory: hBandura's hARRM,
Attention h- hThe hindividual hpays hattention hto hthe hbehaviour hand hits hconsequence hof
hanother hor hthemselves, hforming ha hmental hrepresentation hof hthe hbehaviour h(Schema)
Retention h- hStoring hthe hobserved hbehaviour hin
hLTM hReproduction h- hIndividual hmust hbe hable
hto himitate hthe hbehaviour
Motivation h- hIndividuals hexpect hthe hpositive hresults hobserved h(Vicarious hreinforcement) hif
hthey himitate.
Imitation his hmore hlikely hif hwe hidentify hwith hthe hmodel; hfor hexample hhaving hsimilar
hages, hgenders, hsocial hstatus's h.etc.
10. SLT h- hBandura het hal h- hBobo hStudy: hUSA, hboys+girls. h1 hgroup
haggressive hmodel, hthe hother
non-aggressive. hChildren himitated hspecific hacts, hboys himitate hmore haggressive hones.
hAggressive hgroup haggressive, hnon-aggressive hgroup hnon-aggressive. hMore hlikely hto
himitate hif hthe hmodel his hthe hsame hgender
Supports hSLT, hshowing himitation hin hchildren
Bobo hdoll hvariation hwith h3 hgroups. h1. hPraised hmodel h2. hpunished. h3. hno
hconsequences
Group h1 hmost haggressive, hthen hgroup h3 hthen hgroup h2. hThis hshows hthe himportance hof
hvicarious hreinforcement
11. Applications hof hSLT: hInfluence hof hthe hmedia hon hbehaviour. hJamie hBulger's
hmurder, hinfluenced hby hChilds hPlay h3 h(film). hHowever hthey hstill hcame hfrom ha
hdisturbed hfamily.
3 h/
h16
hcompete hanswers
1. Structuralism: h Using hintrospection hto hdiscover hand hdescribe hthe hnature hof
hhuman hconsciousness. hBreaking hdown hconscious hthought hinto hits hconstituent hparts.
hHe hused hcontrolled hmethods hwith hstandardized hinstructions hand hreplications. hBy hWundt
hin hthe hfirst hPsychology hlab hin hthe h19th hcentury
2. Emergence hof hPsychology has ha hScience: hWatson hQuestioned hthe
hsubjectivity hof hintrospection,
diflcult hto hdraw hprinciples hfrom. hThis hled hto hthe hbehaviourist happroach hthrough
hWatson hand hSkinner. hThis hcreated hthe hbasis hfor hthe hexperimental hmethod hwith
hlab hcontrolled hexperiments. hSince hthen hother happroaches hhave hmade hvariations,
hsuch has hthe hinferences hof hthe hcognitive happroach.
3. Behaviourist happroach hAssumptions: hAll hbehaviours hare hlearnt hfrom hour
henvironment h(we're
born htabula hrasa). hAnimals hand hhumans hlearn hin hthe hsame hway h(classical hand hoperant
hconditioning) hand hso hanimal hstudies hcan hbe hgeneralised hto hhumans. hPsychology hshould
hbe hscientific hand huse hlabatory hsettings hand hhave hhigh hcontrol.
4. Classical hConditioning: h3 hstages: hUCS h= hUCR. hNS= hNR
UCS+NS=UCR
hNS=CR
Example h- hPavlov's hDog
5. Operant hConditioning: hPositive
hreinforcement- hReward hNegative hReinforcement h-
hStopping hsomething hunpleasant
Punishment h- han hunpleasant hconsequence h(example hbaby hand
hMother) hExperiment h- hSkinner's hBox
6. Application h of h Behaviourism: h increased hunderstanding hof hPhobias hand
hattachment. hProduced hther-
apies hsuch has htoken heconomies hand hsystematic hdesensitisation
7. Evaluation hfor hthe hBehaviourist happroach: hExperimental hSupport h-
hPavlov, hSkinner, hWatson's h'little hAlbert'
1 h/
h16
,Introduced hscientific hmethods hto hpsychology
Animals hare hcognitively, hsocially hand hphysiologically hditterent hfrom hhumans.
hLow hecological hvalidity hPractical happlications hto htreatments hfor hphobias
Doesn't htake hinto haccount hbiological hfactors; hneural hand hgenetic hexplanations
Neglects hfree hwill, harguing hit hto hbe han hillusion
2 h/
h16
, 8. What his hSocial hLearning hTheory: h By hBandura. hBehaviour his hlearnt hthrough
hobservation hand himitation hof hothers' hbehaviour. hIt halso hinvovles hmental hprocess hin
hlearning hand hso hisn't hpurely hbehaviourist
9. Stages hof hSocial hLearning hTheory: hBandura's hARRM,
Attention h- hThe hindividual hpays hattention hto hthe hbehaviour hand hits hconsequence hof
hanother hor hthemselves, hforming ha hmental hrepresentation hof hthe hbehaviour h(Schema)
Retention h- hStoring hthe hobserved hbehaviour hin
hLTM hReproduction h- hIndividual hmust hbe hable
hto himitate hthe hbehaviour
Motivation h- hIndividuals hexpect hthe hpositive hresults hobserved h(Vicarious hreinforcement) hif
hthey himitate.
Imitation his hmore hlikely hif hwe hidentify hwith hthe hmodel; hfor hexample hhaving hsimilar
hages, hgenders, hsocial hstatus's h.etc.
10. SLT h- hBandura het hal h- hBobo hStudy: hUSA, hboys+girls. h1 hgroup
haggressive hmodel, hthe hother
non-aggressive. hChildren himitated hspecific hacts, hboys himitate hmore haggressive hones.
hAggressive hgroup haggressive, hnon-aggressive hgroup hnon-aggressive. hMore hlikely hto
himitate hif hthe hmodel his hthe hsame hgender
Supports hSLT, hshowing himitation hin hchildren
Bobo hdoll hvariation hwith h3 hgroups. h1. hPraised hmodel h2. hpunished. h3. hno
hconsequences
Group h1 hmost haggressive, hthen hgroup h3 hthen hgroup h2. hThis hshows hthe himportance hof
hvicarious hreinforcement
11. Applications hof hSLT: hInfluence hof hthe hmedia hon hbehaviour. hJamie hBulger's
hmurder, hinfluenced hby hChilds hPlay h3 h(film). hHowever hthey hstill hcame hfrom ha
hdisturbed hfamily.
3 h/
h16
