NURS 5220: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS.
JUST RELEASED
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by the replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to
stratified squamous epithelium in the airways of smokers.
,2. In the context of the Frank-Starling Law, what is the primary determinant of myocardial
contractility in a healthy heart?
A. Afterload resistance
B. End-diastolic volume (preload)
C. Parasympathetic tone
D. Heart rate
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the stroke volume of the
heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before
contraction (the end-diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.
3. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents with hypocalcemia and
hyperphosphatemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?
A. Increased renal excretion of calcium
B. Excessive secretion of calcitonin
C. Decreased synthesis of active Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
D. Primary hyperparathyroidism
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to activate Vitamin D, which is necessary
for intestinal calcium absorption. Simultaneously, phosphate is retained due to decreased
GFR, further lowering calcium levels through precipitation.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the immediate
degranulation of mast cells?
A. Type II
B. Type I
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an IgE-mediated allergic reaction
where allergens bind to IgE on mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and other
inflammatory mediators.
5. Which neurotransmitter deficiency is the hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease pathophysiology?
A. Acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex
B. Dopamine in the substantia nigra
C. Serotonin in the brainstem
D. GABA in the spinal cord
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS.
JUST RELEASED
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by the replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to
stratified squamous epithelium in the airways of smokers.
,2. In the context of the Frank-Starling Law, what is the primary determinant of myocardial
contractility in a healthy heart?
A. Afterload resistance
B. End-diastolic volume (preload)
C. Parasympathetic tone
D. Heart rate
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the stroke volume of the
heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before
contraction (the end-diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.
3. A patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents with hypocalcemia and
hyperphosphatemia. Which mechanism best explains this finding?
A. Increased renal excretion of calcium
B. Excessive secretion of calcitonin
C. Decreased synthesis of active Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
D. Primary hyperparathyroidism
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: In CKD, the kidneys fail to activate Vitamin D, which is necessary
for intestinal calcium absorption. Simultaneously, phosphate is retained due to decreased
GFR, further lowering calcium levels through precipitation.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the immediate
degranulation of mast cells?
A. Type II
B. Type I
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an IgE-mediated allergic reaction
where allergens bind to IgE on mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and other
inflammatory mediators.
5. Which neurotransmitter deficiency is the hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease pathophysiology?
A. Acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex
B. Dopamine in the substantia nigra
C. Serotonin in the brainstem
D. GABA in the spinal cord
Answer: B
