NURS 5220 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS.
JUST RELEASED
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell
type by another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less differentiated cell type, frequently seen in the respiratory tract of smokers.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which enzyme is
responsible for the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
,B. Aldosterone synthase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts
Angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
3. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is most likely?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis, and the elevated PaCO2 indicates
a respiratory cause without significant renal compensation.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
, C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, resulting in immediate
allergic reactions and potentially anaphylaxis.
5. In a patient with Multiple Sclerosis, the primary pathological process involves the immune-
mediated destruction of which structure?
A. Myelin sheath in the CNS
B. Acetylcholine receptors
C. Axonal filaments
D. Schwann cells in the PNS
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: MS is characterized by demyelination in the central nervous
system, leading to impaired nerve impulse conduction.
6. Which biomarker is considered the most specific for diagnosing an acute myocardial
infarction?
A. Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)
B. Myoglobin
C. Lactate Dehydrogenase
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS.
JUST RELEASED
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell
type by another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less differentiated cell type, frequently seen in the respiratory tract of smokers.
2. In the context of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which enzyme is
responsible for the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?
A. Renin
,B. Aldosterone synthase
C. Aminopeptidase
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ACE, primarily found in the pulmonary capillaries, converts
Angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II.
3. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is most likely?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory alkalosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis, and the elevated PaCO2 indicates
a respiratory cause without significant renal compensation.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
, C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, resulting in immediate
allergic reactions and potentially anaphylaxis.
5. In a patient with Multiple Sclerosis, the primary pathological process involves the immune-
mediated destruction of which structure?
A. Myelin sheath in the CNS
B. Acetylcholine receptors
C. Axonal filaments
D. Schwann cells in the PNS
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: MS is characterized by demyelination in the central nervous
system, leading to impaired nerve impulse conduction.
6. Which biomarker is considered the most specific for diagnosing an acute myocardial
infarction?
A. Creatine Kinase (CK-MB)
B. Myoglobin
C. Lactate Dehydrogenase
