NU 578 UNITS 1 EXAM: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS 100% GUARANTEE PASS |
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the epigenetic modification known as DNA
methylation?
A. Addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base in a CpG island
B. Addition of a methyl group to the adenine base
C. Removal of an acetyl group from a histone tail
D. Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves the attachment of a methyl group to a
cytosine base that is followed by a guanine base (CpG islands), typically leading to gene
silencing.
2. In the context of cellular injury, what is the immediate consequence of a failure in the
sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) ATPase pump?
A. Intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling
B. Extracellular sodium accumulation
,C. Intracellular potassium accumulation
D. Dehydration of the cell due to osmotic shift
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: When ATP is depleted, the Na+/K+ pump fails. Sodium stays
inside the cell, increasing osmotic pressure, which draws water in and causes the cell to
swell (oncosis).
3. Which of the following describes the ‘Warburg Effect’ in cancer cells?
A. The use of aerobic glycolysis even when oxygen is plentiful
B. The preference for oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis
C. The switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in the presence of oxygen
D. The total absence of mitochondria in malignant cells
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The Warburg Effect is the phenomenon where cancer cells
preferentially use glycolysis for energy production even in aerobic conditions to support
rapid growth.
4. A patient with a chromosomal 47, XXY karyotype would most likely present with which
diagnosis?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
, C. Edwards Syndrome
D. Klinefelter Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by at least two X
chromosomes and one Y chromosome, resulting in a male phenotype with variable degrees
of hypogonadism.
5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in smokers.
6. Which plasma protein system is responsible for the formation of a fibrinous meshwork at
an injured or inflamed site?
A. Coagulation system
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS 100% GUARANTEE PASS |
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the epigenetic modification known as DNA
methylation?
A. Addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base in a CpG island
B. Addition of a methyl group to the adenine base
C. Removal of an acetyl group from a histone tail
D. Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves the attachment of a methyl group to a
cytosine base that is followed by a guanine base (CpG islands), typically leading to gene
silencing.
2. In the context of cellular injury, what is the immediate consequence of a failure in the
sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) ATPase pump?
A. Intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling
B. Extracellular sodium accumulation
,C. Intracellular potassium accumulation
D. Dehydration of the cell due to osmotic shift
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: When ATP is depleted, the Na+/K+ pump fails. Sodium stays
inside the cell, increasing osmotic pressure, which draws water in and causes the cell to
swell (oncosis).
3. Which of the following describes the ‘Warburg Effect’ in cancer cells?
A. The use of aerobic glycolysis even when oxygen is plentiful
B. The preference for oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis
C. The switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in the presence of oxygen
D. The total absence of mitochondria in malignant cells
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The Warburg Effect is the phenomenon where cancer cells
preferentially use glycolysis for energy production even in aerobic conditions to support
rapid growth.
4. A patient with a chromosomal 47, XXY karyotype would most likely present with which
diagnosis?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
, C. Edwards Syndrome
D. Klinefelter Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by at least two X
chromosomes and one Y chromosome, resulting in a male phenotype with variable degrees
of hypogonadism.
5. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in smokers.
6. Which plasma protein system is responsible for the formation of a fibrinous meshwork at
an injured or inflamed site?
A. Coagulation system
