UTA NURS 5315 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
STUDY GUIDE
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
●● Dysplasia
Answer: E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
,●● Metaplasia
Answer: E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette
smoke
●● Hypoxia injury
Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
●● Free radical and ROS
Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
●● Ethanol
, Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
●● Oncosis
Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
●● Fatty Infiltration
Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
●● dystrophic calcification
Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
STUDY GUIDE
●● Hypertrophy
Answer: E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
●● Hyperplasia
Answer: E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
●● Dysplasia
Answer: E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
,●● Metaplasia
Answer: E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette
smoke
●● Hypoxia injury
Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
●● Free radical and ROS
Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
●● Ethanol
, Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
●● Oncosis
Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
●● Fatty Infiltration
Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
●● dystrophic calcification
Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
