Endocrine system Final Exam and
BloodAP2 – Questions Fully Solved
2026-2027 Updated.
Endocrine - Answer Internal secretion (Secrete products into blood stream -> travels to target
cell - ductless)
Exocrine - Answer External secretion; secrete to the "surface" using ducts. Eg: sweat glands,
salivary glands and pancrese
Hormone - Answer Chemical messenger released into blood and transported through body
Target Cell - Answer A cell selectively affected by a particular hormone
Humoral - Answer Fluid, of or relating to the body fluids??
Tropic Hormones
Examples - Answer A hormone that regulates the secrotory action of another endocrine gland.
Ex. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and PRL
Describe how endocrine system funcrions as the 2nd major communication system - Answer
Plays major role in maintaining the body's hememostasis. Works by chemical secreted into the
bllodstream that typically acts on distant targets. Effect not immediate but longer lasting.
Nervous system direct effect and temporary
WHy is target cell specificity so important - Answer Without it it would be unrergulates
activities; It allows us to have specific reactions "when we want to have them". Ex. GH released
all time -> glucose in cell all time)
3 types of hormone interaction - Answer Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonist
Permissiveness - Answer Both hormones have to be present to work properly, the full effect.
ex. Thyroid hormone increases the effect of epinephrine
, Synergism - Answer works together, have similar actions, which can amplify the effect. ex.
Epinephrine-norepinephrine, Lactation - proestrogen+edtrogen+oxytocin+cortisol and
testosteron and GH
Antagonist - Answer Two hormones with opposite effect. Eg: Glucagon (increase) - Insulin
(decrease glucose) or Calcitonin (de) - PTH (increase Ca2+)
3 stimuli that dictate release - Answer Humoral, Neural and Hormonal
Humoral stimuli - Answer Hormones are released in response to changing levels of ions and
nutrients in blood. Ex. PTH -> ca2+ up --> calcitonin. or Rise in blood glucose levels triggers
pancreatic release of insulin -> drop in glucose lecel -> stop producing insulin.
Neural Stimuli - Answer Relases hormones in response to stimulate nerve fibers. Eg. Short-
term stress response -> EPI and NOR (adrenal medulla) or Oxytocin (PP) or melatonin (daylight)
Hormonal Stimulus - Answer Releases hormone in respose to ither hormones. Ex. Hormone
from hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary
gland -> hormone that regulate hormone produc. of other endocrine gland: Thyroid gland,
Adrenal Cortex, Gonad (testis)
Primary difference between a second messenger and direct activation? - Answer SM: used by
water soluble hormones, amino acid-based hormones (peptide, Protein).
Involve receptors on PM, multiple steps, 2nd messenger has the effect
DGA: used by lipid soluble hormone and steroids, fibrate hormone (iodine)
Act on intracellular receptors, hormone -> direct effect.
Primary diffence between cAMP and PIP-calcium? - Answer PIP has a third messenger
PIP little longer process
Effector cAMP- adenylate cyctase
Effector PIP - phospholipase
Key differences between Posterior and Anterior Pituitary - Answer P (neurohypophysis) -
Storage (enzyme + hormones from hypothalamus), Looks more lined, dense tissue, secretes
ADH and oxytocin
A (Adenohypophysis) - Produces Hormones (secretes), more ducts, bubbling, Highly
vascularized, Secretes GH, PRL, LH, FSH and TSH
BloodAP2 – Questions Fully Solved
2026-2027 Updated.
Endocrine - Answer Internal secretion (Secrete products into blood stream -> travels to target
cell - ductless)
Exocrine - Answer External secretion; secrete to the "surface" using ducts. Eg: sweat glands,
salivary glands and pancrese
Hormone - Answer Chemical messenger released into blood and transported through body
Target Cell - Answer A cell selectively affected by a particular hormone
Humoral - Answer Fluid, of or relating to the body fluids??
Tropic Hormones
Examples - Answer A hormone that regulates the secrotory action of another endocrine gland.
Ex. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and PRL
Describe how endocrine system funcrions as the 2nd major communication system - Answer
Plays major role in maintaining the body's hememostasis. Works by chemical secreted into the
bllodstream that typically acts on distant targets. Effect not immediate but longer lasting.
Nervous system direct effect and temporary
WHy is target cell specificity so important - Answer Without it it would be unrergulates
activities; It allows us to have specific reactions "when we want to have them". Ex. GH released
all time -> glucose in cell all time)
3 types of hormone interaction - Answer Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonist
Permissiveness - Answer Both hormones have to be present to work properly, the full effect.
ex. Thyroid hormone increases the effect of epinephrine
, Synergism - Answer works together, have similar actions, which can amplify the effect. ex.
Epinephrine-norepinephrine, Lactation - proestrogen+edtrogen+oxytocin+cortisol and
testosteron and GH
Antagonist - Answer Two hormones with opposite effect. Eg: Glucagon (increase) - Insulin
(decrease glucose) or Calcitonin (de) - PTH (increase Ca2+)
3 stimuli that dictate release - Answer Humoral, Neural and Hormonal
Humoral stimuli - Answer Hormones are released in response to changing levels of ions and
nutrients in blood. Ex. PTH -> ca2+ up --> calcitonin. or Rise in blood glucose levels triggers
pancreatic release of insulin -> drop in glucose lecel -> stop producing insulin.
Neural Stimuli - Answer Relases hormones in response to stimulate nerve fibers. Eg. Short-
term stress response -> EPI and NOR (adrenal medulla) or Oxytocin (PP) or melatonin (daylight)
Hormonal Stimulus - Answer Releases hormone in respose to ither hormones. Ex. Hormone
from hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary
gland -> hormone that regulate hormone produc. of other endocrine gland: Thyroid gland,
Adrenal Cortex, Gonad (testis)
Primary difference between a second messenger and direct activation? - Answer SM: used by
water soluble hormones, amino acid-based hormones (peptide, Protein).
Involve receptors on PM, multiple steps, 2nd messenger has the effect
DGA: used by lipid soluble hormone and steroids, fibrate hormone (iodine)
Act on intracellular receptors, hormone -> direct effect.
Primary diffence between cAMP and PIP-calcium? - Answer PIP has a third messenger
PIP little longer process
Effector cAMP- adenylate cyctase
Effector PIP - phospholipase
Key differences between Posterior and Anterior Pituitary - Answer P (neurohypophysis) -
Storage (enzyme + hormones from hypothalamus), Looks more lined, dense tissue, secretes
ADH and oxytocin
A (Adenohypophysis) - Produces Hormones (secretes), more ducts, bubbling, Highly
vascularized, Secretes GH, PRL, LH, FSH and TSH
