[STUDY GUIDE] • HIGH-YIELD PRACTICE & REVIEW EDITION
Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS
231 BIOD 331 Final Exam & Module 1-10
Exams Questions & Correct Answer Keys,
Updated 2026/2027 Edition
Comprehensive Examination Question Bank • In-Depth Rationales • Concept Mapping
TOTAL QUESTIONS EXAM TOPICS RATIONALES
429 Questions 12 Modules 100% Verified
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This document contains 429 verified questions with correct answers and detailed rationales addressing key
concepts in pathophysiology relevant to nursing. It provides a comprehensive resource for students to study
and review critical subject matter, ensuring a thorough understanding of fluid volume deficit, acute coronary
syndrome, and mechanical ventilation management. Ideal for exam preparation and certification review, it
serves as a valuable tool for mastering essential nursing knowledge.
EXAM BLUEPRINT & TOPIC DISTRIBUTION
Systematic breakdown of subject domains and exam coverage.
Topic Module Scope & Core Focus
Examines the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for fluid volume deficit in
Fluid Volume Deficit patients.
Focuses on the assessment and treatment of acute coronary syndrome, including myocardial
Acute Coronary Syndrome infarction.
Covers the principles and practices associated with the management of patients requiring
Mechanical Ventilation mechanical ventilation.
Chest Pain Assessment Discusses the critical evaluation and differential diagnosis of chest pain in clinical settings.
Blood Disorders Explores various blood disorders, their pathophysiology, and treatment options.
Chronic Stable Angina Analyzes the management and patient education strategies for chronic stable angina.
Sepsis Management Addresses the recognition and treatment protocols for patients experiencing sepsis.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 1 of 178
,STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
Cardiac Monitoring Focuses on the interpretation of cardiac rhythms and monitoring techniques in critical care.
Respiratory Failure Reviews the physiological implications and interventions for patients in respiratory failure.
Shock Recognition and Treatment Details the identification and management of various types of shock in clinical practice.
Explores the pharmacological therapies used in managing acute and chronic conditions in
Pharmacologic Interventions nursing.
Highlights effective communication techniques for educating patients about their health
Patient Education Strategies conditions.
Total Exam Coverage 12 Integrated Topic Modules • 429 Examination Questions
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 2 of 178
,STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
QUESTION 1
What are the normal's for the following labs
[1)] Urine Specific Gravity
[2)] Serum Osmolality
[3)] ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
[4)] troponin I
[5)] electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
[6)] BUN & Creatinine
[7)] CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets)
Correct Answer: 1) 1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) PH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000// platelets 150,000-400,000.
QUESTION 2
Match the lab profile with the most likely fluid imbalance like A) Fluid Volume Deficit 2)
Fluid Volume Excess
[1)] ____Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49% today; serum osmolarity 308
[2)] ____Hgb 13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today; Urine specific gravity 1.001
[3)] ____BUN 45; Cr 0.7
Correct Answer: 1) A
2) B
3) A.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 3 of 178
, STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
QUESTION 3
The nurse is preparing to administer lisinopril (Zestril) to a patient with acute coronary
syndrome. Which of the following findings should prompt the nurse to hold the
medication and consult the healthcare provider?
[a)] Serum sodium level 134
[b)] Serum potassium 5.6
[c)] Heart rate 58
[d)] Blood pressure 125/78
Correct Answer: B) Serum potassium 5.6
*ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
QUESTION 4
The nurse is caring for a patient who is in hypovolemic shock following an extensive
burn injury. What is the intravenous fluid of choice for this patient in the emergent
phase of treatment?
[a)] Lactated Ringers
[b)] 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium chloride
[c)] Fresh Frozen Plasma
[d)] 5% Dextrose in saline
Correct Answer: A) Lactated Ringers
*Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is
isotonic.
Normal saline is also isotonic.
QUESTION 5
The client on a ventilator is assessed for untoward responses to the therapy. Which of
the following would indicate a possible complication of ventilator therapy?
[a)] Blood pressure has increased 5mmHg in the last 24 hours
[b)] Lung sounds absent on one side.
[c)] Forceful cough periodically
[d)] Broncho-vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung fields.
Correct Answer: B) Lung sounds absent on one side.
*This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by barotrauma.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 4 of 178
Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS
231 BIOD 331 Final Exam & Module 1-10
Exams Questions & Correct Answer Keys,
Updated 2026/2027 Edition
Comprehensive Examination Question Bank • In-Depth Rationales • Concept Mapping
TOTAL QUESTIONS EXAM TOPICS RATIONALES
429 Questions 12 Modules 100% Verified
DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
This document contains 429 verified questions with correct answers and detailed rationales addressing key
concepts in pathophysiology relevant to nursing. It provides a comprehensive resource for students to study
and review critical subject matter, ensuring a thorough understanding of fluid volume deficit, acute coronary
syndrome, and mechanical ventilation management. Ideal for exam preparation and certification review, it
serves as a valuable tool for mastering essential nursing knowledge.
EXAM BLUEPRINT & TOPIC DISTRIBUTION
Systematic breakdown of subject domains and exam coverage.
Topic Module Scope & Core Focus
Examines the causes, symptoms, and management strategies for fluid volume deficit in
Fluid Volume Deficit patients.
Focuses on the assessment and treatment of acute coronary syndrome, including myocardial
Acute Coronary Syndrome infarction.
Covers the principles and practices associated with the management of patients requiring
Mechanical Ventilation mechanical ventilation.
Chest Pain Assessment Discusses the critical evaluation and differential diagnosis of chest pain in clinical settings.
Blood Disorders Explores various blood disorders, their pathophysiology, and treatment options.
Chronic Stable Angina Analyzes the management and patient education strategies for chronic stable angina.
Sepsis Management Addresses the recognition and treatment protocols for patients experiencing sepsis.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 1 of 178
,STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
Cardiac Monitoring Focuses on the interpretation of cardiac rhythms and monitoring techniques in critical care.
Respiratory Failure Reviews the physiological implications and interventions for patients in respiratory failure.
Shock Recognition and Treatment Details the identification and management of various types of shock in clinical practice.
Explores the pharmacological therapies used in managing acute and chronic conditions in
Pharmacologic Interventions nursing.
Highlights effective communication techniques for educating patients about their health
Patient Education Strategies conditions.
Total Exam Coverage 12 Integrated Topic Modules • 429 Examination Questions
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 2 of 178
,STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
QUESTION 1
What are the normal's for the following labs
[1)] Urine Specific Gravity
[2)] Serum Osmolality
[3)] ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
[4)] troponin I
[5)] electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
[6)] BUN & Creatinine
[7)] CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets)
Correct Answer: 1) 1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) PH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000// platelets 150,000-400,000.
QUESTION 2
Match the lab profile with the most likely fluid imbalance like A) Fluid Volume Deficit 2)
Fluid Volume Excess
[1)] ____Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49% today; serum osmolarity 308
[2)] ____Hgb 13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today; Urine specific gravity 1.001
[3)] ____BUN 45; Cr 0.7
Correct Answer: 1) A
2) B
3) A.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 3 of 178
, STUDENT STUDY & MASTERY EDITION PRACTICE & REVIEW GUIDE
QUESTION 3
The nurse is preparing to administer lisinopril (Zestril) to a patient with acute coronary
syndrome. Which of the following findings should prompt the nurse to hold the
medication and consult the healthcare provider?
[a)] Serum sodium level 134
[b)] Serum potassium 5.6
[c)] Heart rate 58
[d)] Blood pressure 125/78
Correct Answer: B) Serum potassium 5.6
*ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
QUESTION 4
The nurse is caring for a patient who is in hypovolemic shock following an extensive
burn injury. What is the intravenous fluid of choice for this patient in the emergent
phase of treatment?
[a)] Lactated Ringers
[b)] 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium chloride
[c)] Fresh Frozen Plasma
[d)] 5% Dextrose in saline
Correct Answer: A) Lactated Ringers
*Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is
isotonic.
Normal saline is also isotonic.
QUESTION 5
The client on a ventilator is assessed for untoward responses to the therapy. Which of
the following would indicate a possible complication of ventilator therapy?
[a)] Blood pressure has increased 5mmHg in the last 24 hours
[b)] Lung sounds absent on one side.
[c)] Forceful cough periodically
[d)] Broncho-vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung fields.
Correct Answer: B) Lung sounds absent on one side.
*This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by barotrauma.
Confidential • Student Study Edition • Practice & Review Guide Page 4 of 178
