TEST BANK
PSYCHOLOGY
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prologue The Story Of Psychology
Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
The Biology Of Mind
Consciousness And The Two-Track Mind
Nature, Nurture, And Human Diversity
Developing Through The Life Span
Sensation And Perception
Learning
Memory
Thinking And Language
Intelligence
What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, And Achievement
Emotions, Stress, And Health
Social Psychology
Personality
Psychological Disorders
Therapy
,Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1: THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Indicate The Answer Choice That Best Completes The Statement Or Answers The Question.
If Results Are Statistically Significant But Have A Small Effect Size, The
Results May Lack Practical Significance.
Lack A Cause-Effect Relationship.
Represent A Negative Relationship.
Represent A Neutral Relationship.
In One Study, Introductory Psychology Students Were Fitted With Electronically Activated Recorders So That
Researchers Could Sample Their Daily Activities. The Researchers Were Employing A Scientific Method Known As
Naturalistic Observation.
The Double-Blind
Procedure.
Experimentation.
The Case Study.
Studies Conducted In The Late 1990s In Which The Researcher Concluded That Children Who Were Administeredthe MMR
Vaccination Developed Autism Were
Withheld From The Public Intentionally.
Accurate.
Never Published By Academic Journals.
Discovered To Be Fraudulent.
Seven Members Of A Boys' Club Reported The Following Individual Earnings From Their Sale Of Cookies: $2, $9,
$8, $10, $4, $9, And $7. In This Distribution Of Individual
Earnings The Median Is Greater Than The Mean And Greater
Than The Mode. The Median Is Less Than The Mean And
Less Than The Mode.
The Median Is Greater Than The Mean And Less Than The
Mode. The Median Is Less Than The Mean And Greater
Than The Mode.
Professor Valetta Believes That Identical Twins Have Similar Levels Of Intelligence Largely Because They
Sharecommon Genes. His Idea Is Best Described As A(N)
Theory.
Replication.
Naturalistic Observation.
Operational Definition.
The Idea That "People's Emotions And Personal Beliefs Often Override Their Acceptance Of Objective
Facts" Is Expressed In The Dictionary Definition Of
False
News.
Post-Truth.
, Powerful
Examples.
Repetition.
Professor Terrance Has Conducted A Study That Examined The Relationship Between Level Of Physical
Activity And Academic Performance Among Children. He Is Most Likely To Use To Determine If A
Relationship Exists.
Meta-Analysis
Preregistration
A Correlation
Coefficient
Experimental Research
The Tendency To Perceive Order In Random Events Often Leads To Overestimating The Value
Of Common Sense.
Operational Definitions.
Informed Consent.
The Double-Blind Procedure.
Dr. Carlson Wants To Conduct A Research Study That Will Examine The Sexual Behaviors Of College Students.
Before She Can Begin Data Collection She Must Submit Her Research
Proposal To Her Institution's Review Board.
The
APA.
The
BPS.
Her Department Chair For Review.
Approximately What Percentage Of The Cases Represented By The Normal Curve Fall Between 3
And +3 Standard Deviations From The Mean?
34
68
95
D. 100
Unconscious Gut Feelings, Or , Provide(S) A Sharp Contrast To Explicit, Conscious
Reasoning. Theory
Chance-Based
Explanation Common
Sense Naturalistic
Observation
The Explanatory Power Of A Scientific Theory Is Most Closely Linked To Its Capacity To Generate
Testable Assumptions.
Correlations
, .
Predictions.
Variables.
Several Weeks After A Political Election, Voters Often Exaggerate Their Ability To Have Predicted The
Election Outcome. This Best Illustrates
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
The Placebo Effect.
Random
Assignment.
Wording Effects.
Hindsight Bias.
Repeating The Essence Of A Previous Research Study To Verify Whether Its Findings Extend To A New
Group Of Research Participants And To Different Circumstances Is Called
Replication.
Random
Sampling.
Naturalistic Observation.
The Double-Blind
Procedure.
What Was The Oxford English Dictionary's Word Of The Year In
2017? False News
Preregistration
Post-Truth
Repetition
Neither The Researchers Nor The Participants In A Study Of A Weight-Loss Pill Know Which Participants
Have Actually Received A Drug Designed To Help Weight Loss And Which Have Received A Placebo.
This Investigation Involves The Use Of
Naturalistic Observation.
Random Sampling.
The Double-Blind Procedure.
Replication.
Which Of The Following Correlations Between Self-Esteem And Physical Appearance Would Enable You To Most
Accurately Predict Physical Appearance From Knowledge Of Level Of Self-Esteem?
+.60
+.01
–.10
–.06
When We Ask, For Example, How Closely Related Are The Intelligence Scores Of Fraternal Twins, We
Are Asking How Strongly Two Are Related.
Experimental
Groups Control
Groups Variables
Scatterplots
When You Read A Bar Graph, It Is Most Important For You
To Mentally Transform The Data Into A Normal Curve.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
Identify The Value Of The Standard Deviation.
Note The Range And Size Of The Scale
Values. Identify The Correct Measure Of
Central Tendency.
Professor Martinez Believes That Because Attractive People Are More Sensitive, More Successful, And More
Socially Skilled, Handsome Men Will Be More Successful In Getting A Job. The Professor's Prediction
Regarding Employment Success Is An Example Of
Informed
Consent. The
Placebo Effect. A
Hypothesis.
A Confounding Variable.
Dr. Mcclusky Conducted A Study In Which He Compared Academic Achievement Among Middle School
Students Who Either Played Video Games At Least One Hour Each Day Or Did Not Play Video Games For
At Least One Hour Each Day. The Average Scores Used For Academic Achievement Were Reliable For Both
Groups And The Difference Between The Two Groups Was Relatively Large. This Means That The Results
He Found Can Be Considered
Reliabl
e.
Valid.
Statistically Significant.
Correlated.
Surveys Indicate That People Are Less Likely To Support "Affirmative Action" Than "Preferential Treatment."
These Survey Results Best Illustrate The Importance Of
Random Sampling.
Wording Effects.
The Placebo
Effect.
Naturalistic Observation.
Statisticians Persi Diaconis And Frederick Mosteller Commented, "But With A Large Enough Sample, Any
Outrageous Thing Is Likely To Happen." What Were They Referring To?
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Scientific
Inquiry
Perceiving Patterns In Random Events
Potential Research Participants Are Told Enough About An Upcoming Study To Enable Them To Choose
Whether They Wish To Participate. This Illustrates The Practice Of Seeking
A Representative
Sample. Informed
,Consent.
An Operational
Definition. A Placebo
Effect.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
In A Psychological Experiment, The Experimental Factor That Is Manipulated By The Investigator Is Called The
Variable
. Dependent
Independent
Control
Experimental
When People Generalize From A Few Vivid But Unrepresentative Cases, They Are Falling
Prey To Operational Definitions.
Hypothesizing
. Hindsight
Bias.
Sampling
Bias.
What Do The Parallel Research Findings Of "Eighty Percent Of Prisoners In The United States Were
Spanked As Children" And "Seventy-Five Percent Of College Students In The United States Were Spanked
As Children" Demonstrate?
The Survey Method Leads To Causal Results.
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation.
Experimental Designs Cannot Be Replicated.
These Statements Do Not Demonstrate Any Problem.
Jenn Earned A 72 On Her First Psychology Exam, A 70 On The Second Exam, And A 71 On The Third Exam.
What Can Be Said About Her Exam Scores?
They Are A Reliable Representation Of Her Performance In The Class.
She Needs To Take More Exams In Order To Determine A Reliable Representation Of Her
Class Performance.
They Do Not Represent Her Class Performance.
They Demonstrate Differences In Variability And Reliability.
The Mean Of A Distribution Of Scores Is
The Most Frequently Occurring Score.
Arithmetic Average Of All The Scores.
Least Frequently Occurring Score.
Score Exceeded By 50 Percent Of All The Scores.
When Investigators Gather Data And Then Seek To Identify Patterns In The Data That Can Be Used
To Guide Theories In The Field, They Are Engaging In Research.
Exploratory
Confirmator
y
Correlational
Replication
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
Which Measure Of Variation Is Affected Most By A Few Extreme
Scores? Standard Deviation
Mean
Media
n
Range
Correlational Research Is Most Useful For Purposes Of
Explanation.
Prediction.
Control.
Replicatio
n.
Samples Are Better Than Samples.
Significant; Variable
Representative; Unrepresentative
Variable; Representative
Significant; Unrepresentative
Gamblers Often Throw Dice Gently For Low Numbers And Hard For High Numbers. This Most Directly
Illustrates An Illusion Of Control.
A Scatterplot.
Random
Assignment.
Regression Toward The Mean.
If Psychologists Discovered That Older Parents Have Smarter Children Than Younger Parents, This Would
Demonstrate That
Intelligence Is Inherited.
Older Parents Provide Their Children With Greater Educational Opportunities Than Do Younger
Parents. The Age Of Parents And Children Is Positively Correlated.
All Of These Statements Are Correct.
Who Is(Are) Most Likely To Hold Biased Views?
Samantha, Who Is A Republican
James, Who Is A Democrat
Steven, Who Is Not Affiliated With Any Major Political Party
Both Stephanie, Who Is A Republican, And Derek, Who Is A Democrat
The Ethics Codes Of The APA And Britain's BPS Urge Researchers To
Avoid The Use Of Monetary Incentives In Recruiting People To Participate In Research.
Forewarn Potential Research Participants Of The Exact Hypotheses That The Research
Will Test. Avoid The Manipulation Of Independent Variables In Research Involving
PSYCHOLOGY
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prologue The Story Of Psychology
Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
The Biology Of Mind
Consciousness And The Two-Track Mind
Nature, Nurture, And Human Diversity
Developing Through The Life Span
Sensation And Perception
Learning
Memory
Thinking And Language
Intelligence
What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, And Achievement
Emotions, Stress, And Health
Social Psychology
Personality
Psychological Disorders
Therapy
,Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1: THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Indicate The Answer Choice That Best Completes The Statement Or Answers The Question.
If Results Are Statistically Significant But Have A Small Effect Size, The
Results May Lack Practical Significance.
Lack A Cause-Effect Relationship.
Represent A Negative Relationship.
Represent A Neutral Relationship.
In One Study, Introductory Psychology Students Were Fitted With Electronically Activated Recorders So That
Researchers Could Sample Their Daily Activities. The Researchers Were Employing A Scientific Method Known As
Naturalistic Observation.
The Double-Blind
Procedure.
Experimentation.
The Case Study.
Studies Conducted In The Late 1990s In Which The Researcher Concluded That Children Who Were Administeredthe MMR
Vaccination Developed Autism Were
Withheld From The Public Intentionally.
Accurate.
Never Published By Academic Journals.
Discovered To Be Fraudulent.
Seven Members Of A Boys' Club Reported The Following Individual Earnings From Their Sale Of Cookies: $2, $9,
$8, $10, $4, $9, And $7. In This Distribution Of Individual
Earnings The Median Is Greater Than The Mean And Greater
Than The Mode. The Median Is Less Than The Mean And
Less Than The Mode.
The Median Is Greater Than The Mean And Less Than The
Mode. The Median Is Less Than The Mean And Greater
Than The Mode.
Professor Valetta Believes That Identical Twins Have Similar Levels Of Intelligence Largely Because They
Sharecommon Genes. His Idea Is Best Described As A(N)
Theory.
Replication.
Naturalistic Observation.
Operational Definition.
The Idea That "People's Emotions And Personal Beliefs Often Override Their Acceptance Of Objective
Facts" Is Expressed In The Dictionary Definition Of
False
News.
Post-Truth.
, Powerful
Examples.
Repetition.
Professor Terrance Has Conducted A Study That Examined The Relationship Between Level Of Physical
Activity And Academic Performance Among Children. He Is Most Likely To Use To Determine If A
Relationship Exists.
Meta-Analysis
Preregistration
A Correlation
Coefficient
Experimental Research
The Tendency To Perceive Order In Random Events Often Leads To Overestimating The Value
Of Common Sense.
Operational Definitions.
Informed Consent.
The Double-Blind Procedure.
Dr. Carlson Wants To Conduct A Research Study That Will Examine The Sexual Behaviors Of College Students.
Before She Can Begin Data Collection She Must Submit Her Research
Proposal To Her Institution's Review Board.
The
APA.
The
BPS.
Her Department Chair For Review.
Approximately What Percentage Of The Cases Represented By The Normal Curve Fall Between 3
And +3 Standard Deviations From The Mean?
34
68
95
D. 100
Unconscious Gut Feelings, Or , Provide(S) A Sharp Contrast To Explicit, Conscious
Reasoning. Theory
Chance-Based
Explanation Common
Sense Naturalistic
Observation
The Explanatory Power Of A Scientific Theory Is Most Closely Linked To Its Capacity To Generate
Testable Assumptions.
Correlations
, .
Predictions.
Variables.
Several Weeks After A Political Election, Voters Often Exaggerate Their Ability To Have Predicted The
Election Outcome. This Best Illustrates
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
The Placebo Effect.
Random
Assignment.
Wording Effects.
Hindsight Bias.
Repeating The Essence Of A Previous Research Study To Verify Whether Its Findings Extend To A New
Group Of Research Participants And To Different Circumstances Is Called
Replication.
Random
Sampling.
Naturalistic Observation.
The Double-Blind
Procedure.
What Was The Oxford English Dictionary's Word Of The Year In
2017? False News
Preregistration
Post-Truth
Repetition
Neither The Researchers Nor The Participants In A Study Of A Weight-Loss Pill Know Which Participants
Have Actually Received A Drug Designed To Help Weight Loss And Which Have Received A Placebo.
This Investigation Involves The Use Of
Naturalistic Observation.
Random Sampling.
The Double-Blind Procedure.
Replication.
Which Of The Following Correlations Between Self-Esteem And Physical Appearance Would Enable You To Most
Accurately Predict Physical Appearance From Knowledge Of Level Of Self-Esteem?
+.60
+.01
–.10
–.06
When We Ask, For Example, How Closely Related Are The Intelligence Scores Of Fraternal Twins, We
Are Asking How Strongly Two Are Related.
Experimental
Groups Control
Groups Variables
Scatterplots
When You Read A Bar Graph, It Is Most Important For You
To Mentally Transform The Data Into A Normal Curve.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
Identify The Value Of The Standard Deviation.
Note The Range And Size Of The Scale
Values. Identify The Correct Measure Of
Central Tendency.
Professor Martinez Believes That Because Attractive People Are More Sensitive, More Successful, And More
Socially Skilled, Handsome Men Will Be More Successful In Getting A Job. The Professor's Prediction
Regarding Employment Success Is An Example Of
Informed
Consent. The
Placebo Effect. A
Hypothesis.
A Confounding Variable.
Dr. Mcclusky Conducted A Study In Which He Compared Academic Achievement Among Middle School
Students Who Either Played Video Games At Least One Hour Each Day Or Did Not Play Video Games For
At Least One Hour Each Day. The Average Scores Used For Academic Achievement Were Reliable For Both
Groups And The Difference Between The Two Groups Was Relatively Large. This Means That The Results
He Found Can Be Considered
Reliabl
e.
Valid.
Statistically Significant.
Correlated.
Surveys Indicate That People Are Less Likely To Support "Affirmative Action" Than "Preferential Treatment."
These Survey Results Best Illustrate The Importance Of
Random Sampling.
Wording Effects.
The Placebo
Effect.
Naturalistic Observation.
Statisticians Persi Diaconis And Frederick Mosteller Commented, "But With A Large Enough Sample, Any
Outrageous Thing Is Likely To Happen." What Were They Referring To?
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Scientific
Inquiry
Perceiving Patterns In Random Events
Potential Research Participants Are Told Enough About An Upcoming Study To Enable Them To Choose
Whether They Wish To Participate. This Illustrates The Practice Of Seeking
A Representative
Sample. Informed
,Consent.
An Operational
Definition. A Placebo
Effect.
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
In A Psychological Experiment, The Experimental Factor That Is Manipulated By The Investigator Is Called The
Variable
. Dependent
Independent
Control
Experimental
When People Generalize From A Few Vivid But Unrepresentative Cases, They Are Falling
Prey To Operational Definitions.
Hypothesizing
. Hindsight
Bias.
Sampling
Bias.
What Do The Parallel Research Findings Of "Eighty Percent Of Prisoners In The United States Were
Spanked As Children" And "Seventy-Five Percent Of College Students In The United States Were Spanked
As Children" Demonstrate?
The Survey Method Leads To Causal Results.
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation.
Experimental Designs Cannot Be Replicated.
These Statements Do Not Demonstrate Any Problem.
Jenn Earned A 72 On Her First Psychology Exam, A 70 On The Second Exam, And A 71 On The Third Exam.
What Can Be Said About Her Exam Scores?
They Are A Reliable Representation Of Her Performance In The Class.
She Needs To Take More Exams In Order To Determine A Reliable Representation Of Her
Class Performance.
They Do Not Represent Her Class Performance.
They Demonstrate Differences In Variability And Reliability.
The Mean Of A Distribution Of Scores Is
The Most Frequently Occurring Score.
Arithmetic Average Of All The Scores.
Least Frequently Occurring Score.
Score Exceeded By 50 Percent Of All The Scores.
When Investigators Gather Data And Then Seek To Identify Patterns In The Data That Can Be Used
To Guide Theories In The Field, They Are Engaging In Research.
Exploratory
Confirmator
y
Correlational
Replication
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
Which Measure Of Variation Is Affected Most By A Few Extreme
Scores? Standard Deviation
Mean
Media
n
Range
Correlational Research Is Most Useful For Purposes Of
Explanation.
Prediction.
Control.
Replicatio
n.
Samples Are Better Than Samples.
Significant; Variable
Representative; Unrepresentative
Variable; Representative
Significant; Unrepresentative
Gamblers Often Throw Dice Gently For Low Numbers And Hard For High Numbers. This Most Directly
Illustrates An Illusion Of Control.
A Scatterplot.
Random
Assignment.
Regression Toward The Mean.
If Psychologists Discovered That Older Parents Have Smarter Children Than Younger Parents, This Would
Demonstrate That
Intelligence Is Inherited.
Older Parents Provide Their Children With Greater Educational Opportunities Than Do Younger
Parents. The Age Of Parents And Children Is Positively Correlated.
All Of These Statements Are Correct.
Who Is(Are) Most Likely To Hold Biased Views?
Samantha, Who Is A Republican
James, Who Is A Democrat
Steven, Who Is Not Affiliated With Any Major Political Party
Both Stephanie, Who Is A Republican, And Derek, Who Is A Democrat
The Ethics Codes Of The APA And Britain's BPS Urge Researchers To
Avoid The Use Of Monetary Incentives In Recruiting People To Participate In Research.
Forewarn Potential Research Participants Of The Exact Hypotheses That The Research
Will Test. Avoid The Manipulation Of Independent Variables In Research Involving
