NURS611 FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW SHEET
GRADED A+
◉ most common type of kidney stone.
Answer: Calcium oxalate
◉ Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive.
Answer: 20-25%
◉ Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause
referred pain to where?.
Answer: Umbilicus area
◉ The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is
that they get stuck in what?.
Answer: The ureters
◉ When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it
obstruct?.
Answer: Urine flow
,◉ The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect
their 20-25% of cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they
are not getting their normal share of cardiac output but they sense
the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys
activate what.
Answer: The RAAS system
◉ With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is
angiotensin, which is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what
happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue
perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the
angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts
what?.
Answer: Arterioles
◉ When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a
result?.
Answer: Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary
obstruction
◉ Which population do we think mainly about when we think about
UTIs?.
Answer: The older populaiton
,◉ With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI
because clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the
elderly and a UTI is what?.
Answer: Confusion, abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
◉ What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older
population?.
Answer: sepsis
◉ Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis,
kidney interstitium) is what?.
Answer: Pyelonephritis
◉ most common risk factors for pyelonephritis.
Answer: Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine from the bladder.
◉ most common culprit of pyelonephritis.
Answer: E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
◉ Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with
pyelonephritis?.
Answer: Because of proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
, ◉ On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis.
Answer: WBC casts, because they are only formed in the renal
tubules
◉ Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction
urine goes (----).
Answer: Forward, backward
◉ When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does
it flow back into.
Answer: The renal pelvis
◉ What is the renal pelvis?.
Answer: is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney,
The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
◉ When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the
renal pelvis, what happens?.
Answer: it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
◉ A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what?.
Answer: Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
AND ANSWERS COMPLETE REVIEW SHEET
GRADED A+
◉ most common type of kidney stone.
Answer: Calcium oxalate
◉ Amount of cardiac output that kidneys expect to receive.
Answer: 20-25%
◉ Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and cause
referred pain to where?.
Answer: Umbilicus area
◉ The kidney stones are often jagged, so what ends up happening is
that they get stuck in what?.
Answer: The ureters
◉ When that kidney stone gets stuck in the ureter, what does it
obstruct?.
Answer: Urine flow
,◉ The kidneys will react due to obstruction, because they expect
their 20-25% of cardiac output. The kidneys do not know why they
are not getting their normal share of cardiac output but they sense
the decreased perfusion due to the obstruction, so those kidneys
activate what.
Answer: The RAAS system
◉ With activation of that RAAS system from the kidneys, there is
angiotensin, which is a powerful peripheral constrictor. So, what
happens within those kidneys themselves is decreased tissue
perfusion so they activate the RAAS system which contains the
angiotensin with powerful constrictor properties, so it constricts
what?.
Answer: Arterioles
◉ When angiotensin constricts the arterioles, what happens as a
result?.
Answer: Hypertension, so basically HTN happens due to urinary
obstruction
◉ Which population do we think mainly about when we think about
UTIs?.
Answer: The older populaiton
,◉ With older adults it may be harder to determine if they have a UTI
because clinically, the main manifestation that is often seen with the
elderly and a UTI is what?.
Answer: Confusion, abdominal pain or discomfort, blood in urine.
◉ What can a UTI lead to very quickly, especially with the older
population?.
Answer: sepsis
◉ Infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis,
kidney interstitium) is what?.
Answer: Pyelonephritis
◉ most common risk factors for pyelonephritis.
Answer: Urinary obstruction, and reflux of urine from the bladder.
◉ most common culprit of pyelonephritis.
Answer: E. coli, proteus, pseudomonas
◉ Why do we think of E. coli, especially for women with
pyelonephritis?.
Answer: Because of proximity of the anus to the urinary tract
, ◉ On urinalysis what would you see with pyelonephritis.
Answer: WBC casts, because they are only formed in the renal
tubules
◉ Urine should always go (----) and when there is an obstruction
urine goes (----).
Answer: Forward, backward
◉ When the urine flows backward from an obstruction, where does
it flow back into.
Answer: The renal pelvis
◉ What is the renal pelvis?.
Answer: is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney,
The renal pelvis functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
◉ When the urine flows backward from an obstruction into the
renal pelvis, what happens?.
Answer: it causes inflammation, which is caused by bacteria
◉ A condition that includes non bacterial infectious cystitis and
noninfectious cystitis is called what?.
Answer: Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis
