PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, Atrophy Answer: Decrease in cell size
Atrophy: Shrinkage of the cells can affect....? Answer: Shrinkage of an organ
Atrophy: Other than a decrease or shrinkage in cell size, what 3 other intracellular changes
occur? Answer: ER decrease
Mitochondria decrease
Myofilaments decrease (cause the cell to shrink)
What 3 things is Atrophy caused by? Answer: Disuse (such as when in cast)
Decreased endocrine stimulation (hormonal influences)
Decreased blood supply to any organ (atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) -> decreased blood
supply -> atrophy and toes falling off)
Most adaptation responses are .....? Answer: Reversible
Where is atrophy most common in the body? Answer: Skeletal muscles (being active keeps
muscles from atrophy)
Heart (decreased blood supply -> death)
Secondary sex organs (females - breasts)
Brain (using it prevents it)
When does Physiologic Atrophy occur? Answer: Occurs with early development
(Ex: thymus gland undergoes during childhood)
When does Pathologic Atrophy occur? Answer: Occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system stimulation
Who experiences disuse atrophy? Answer: Immobilized individuals on prolonged bedrest (often
generalized, all over)
Hypertrophy Answer: Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy: Other than an increase in cell size, what other intracellular change occurs?
Answer: Increase in cellular protein (no increase in fluid/edema)
What 3 things is Hypertrophy caused by? Answer: Exercise/overuse
Increased workload (enlarged heart due to hypertension)
Pregnancy/hormonal hypertrophy (enlargement of uterus)
Compensatory Hypertrophy Answer: Compensates for losing something
(If loses a kidney, remaining kidney will hypertrophy)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, Atrophy Answer: Decrease in cell size
Atrophy: Shrinkage of the cells can affect....? Answer: Shrinkage of an organ
Atrophy: Other than a decrease or shrinkage in cell size, what 3 other intracellular changes
occur? Answer: ER decrease
Mitochondria decrease
Myofilaments decrease (cause the cell to shrink)
What 3 things is Atrophy caused by? Answer: Disuse (such as when in cast)
Decreased endocrine stimulation (hormonal influences)
Decreased blood supply to any organ (atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) -> decreased blood
supply -> atrophy and toes falling off)
Most adaptation responses are .....? Answer: Reversible
Where is atrophy most common in the body? Answer: Skeletal muscles (being active keeps
muscles from atrophy)
Heart (decreased blood supply -> death)
Secondary sex organs (females - breasts)
Brain (using it prevents it)
When does Physiologic Atrophy occur? Answer: Occurs with early development
(Ex: thymus gland undergoes during childhood)
When does Pathologic Atrophy occur? Answer: Occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system stimulation
Who experiences disuse atrophy? Answer: Immobilized individuals on prolonged bedrest (often
generalized, all over)
Hypertrophy Answer: Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy: Other than an increase in cell size, what other intracellular change occurs?
Answer: Increase in cellular protein (no increase in fluid/edema)
What 3 things is Hypertrophy caused by? Answer: Exercise/overuse
Increased workload (enlarged heart due to hypertension)
Pregnancy/hormonal hypertrophy (enlargement of uterus)
Compensatory Hypertrophy Answer: Compensates for losing something
(If loses a kidney, remaining kidney will hypertrophy)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
