NURS 6531 FINAL EXAM LEARNING
WORKBOOK 2026 PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS AND DRUG THERAPY
MANAGEMENT
◉ An adolescent male reports severe pain in one testicle. The
examiner notes edema and erythema of the scrotum on that side
with a swollen, tender spermatic cord and absence of the
cremasteric reflex. What is the most important intervention?
a. Doppler ultrasound to assess testicular blood flow
b. Immediate referral to the emergency department
c. Prescribing anti-infective agents to treat the infection
d. Transillumination to assess for "blue dot" sign.
Answer: ANS: B
This patient has symptoms of testicular torsion, which is a surgical
emergency. An immediate referral is warranted. Doppler US and
transillumination are useful in establishing a diagnosis, but the
referral is the most important. Anti-infective agents are used if
epididymitis is suspected.
◉ A 3-month-old male infant has edema and painless swelling of the
scrotum. On physical examination, the provider can transilluminate
the scrotum. What will the provider recommend?
,a. A Doppler ultrasound to evaluate the scrotal structures
b. A short course of empirical antibiotic therapy
c. Immediate referral to a genitourinary surgeon for repair
d. Observation and reassurance that spontaneous resolution may
occur.
Answer: ANS: D
This infant has symptoms of hydrocele; these disorders often resolve
spontaneously during infancy and do not require treatment unless
symptoms, such as pain, occur. It is not necessary to perform other
studies or refer to a surgeon. Antibiotics are not indicated, since this
is not infectious.
◉ A patient diagnosed with diabetes has symptoms consistent with
renal stones. Which type of stone is most likely in this patient?
a. Citrate
b. Cysteine
c. Oxalate
d. Uric acid.
Answer: ANS: D
Uric acid stones are more prevalent in diabetics. Citrate, cysteine,
and oxalate are less common in all patients.
◉ A patient diagnosed with acute renal colic is experiencing nausea
and vomiting. A urinalysis reveals hematuria but is otherwise
,normal. A radiographic exam shows several radiopaque stones in the
ureter which are less than 1 mm in diameter. What will the primary
provider do initially to manage this patient?
a. Obtain a consultation with a urology specialist
b. Order a narcotic pain medication and increased oral fluids
c. Prescribe desmopressin and a corticosteroid medication
d. Prescribe nifedipine and hospitalize for intravenous antibiotics.
Answer: ANS: B
Stones that are less than 1 mm in diameter will usually pass
spontaneously. The provider should counsel the patient to increase
fluid intake and should prescribe adequate pain medication. A
consultation is not necessary unless initial measures fail.
Desmopressin and corticosteroids have not been shown to be
effective. Nifedipine and IV fluids may be used as a
secondary option.
◉ Which factors increase the risk of renal stones? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Excess antacid use
b. Living in a cold climate
c. Obesity
d. History of gout
e. Vitamin D excess.
Answer: ANS: A, C, D
, Excess antacids, obesity, and a history of gout are linked to renal
stone risk. Tropical climates are also linked to renal stone
development. Vitamin D excess is not a risk factor.
◉ A 30-year-old male patient has a positive leukocyte esterase and
nitrites on a random urine dipstick during a well patient exam. What
type of urinary tract infection does this represent?
a. Complicated
b. Isolation
c. Uncomplicated
d. Unresolved.
Answer: ANS: A
All urinary tract infections (UTIs) in males are considered
complicated, because the infection source is not secondary to
ascending infection.
◉ An asymptomatic pregnant woman has a positive leukocyte
esterase and positive nitrites on a urine dipstick screening. What
will the provider do next?
a. Admit to the hospital
b. Obtain a urine culture
c. Order a renal ultrasound
d. Prescribe trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ).
Answer: ANS: B
WORKBOOK 2026 PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS AND DRUG THERAPY
MANAGEMENT
◉ An adolescent male reports severe pain in one testicle. The
examiner notes edema and erythema of the scrotum on that side
with a swollen, tender spermatic cord and absence of the
cremasteric reflex. What is the most important intervention?
a. Doppler ultrasound to assess testicular blood flow
b. Immediate referral to the emergency department
c. Prescribing anti-infective agents to treat the infection
d. Transillumination to assess for "blue dot" sign.
Answer: ANS: B
This patient has symptoms of testicular torsion, which is a surgical
emergency. An immediate referral is warranted. Doppler US and
transillumination are useful in establishing a diagnosis, but the
referral is the most important. Anti-infective agents are used if
epididymitis is suspected.
◉ A 3-month-old male infant has edema and painless swelling of the
scrotum. On physical examination, the provider can transilluminate
the scrotum. What will the provider recommend?
,a. A Doppler ultrasound to evaluate the scrotal structures
b. A short course of empirical antibiotic therapy
c. Immediate referral to a genitourinary surgeon for repair
d. Observation and reassurance that spontaneous resolution may
occur.
Answer: ANS: D
This infant has symptoms of hydrocele; these disorders often resolve
spontaneously during infancy and do not require treatment unless
symptoms, such as pain, occur. It is not necessary to perform other
studies or refer to a surgeon. Antibiotics are not indicated, since this
is not infectious.
◉ A patient diagnosed with diabetes has symptoms consistent with
renal stones. Which type of stone is most likely in this patient?
a. Citrate
b. Cysteine
c. Oxalate
d. Uric acid.
Answer: ANS: D
Uric acid stones are more prevalent in diabetics. Citrate, cysteine,
and oxalate are less common in all patients.
◉ A patient diagnosed with acute renal colic is experiencing nausea
and vomiting. A urinalysis reveals hematuria but is otherwise
,normal. A radiographic exam shows several radiopaque stones in the
ureter which are less than 1 mm in diameter. What will the primary
provider do initially to manage this patient?
a. Obtain a consultation with a urology specialist
b. Order a narcotic pain medication and increased oral fluids
c. Prescribe desmopressin and a corticosteroid medication
d. Prescribe nifedipine and hospitalize for intravenous antibiotics.
Answer: ANS: B
Stones that are less than 1 mm in diameter will usually pass
spontaneously. The provider should counsel the patient to increase
fluid intake and should prescribe adequate pain medication. A
consultation is not necessary unless initial measures fail.
Desmopressin and corticosteroids have not been shown to be
effective. Nifedipine and IV fluids may be used as a
secondary option.
◉ Which factors increase the risk of renal stones? (Select all that
apply.)
a. Excess antacid use
b. Living in a cold climate
c. Obesity
d. History of gout
e. Vitamin D excess.
Answer: ANS: A, C, D
, Excess antacids, obesity, and a history of gout are linked to renal
stone risk. Tropical climates are also linked to renal stone
development. Vitamin D excess is not a risk factor.
◉ A 30-year-old male patient has a positive leukocyte esterase and
nitrites on a random urine dipstick during a well patient exam. What
type of urinary tract infection does this represent?
a. Complicated
b. Isolation
c. Uncomplicated
d. Unresolved.
Answer: ANS: A
All urinary tract infections (UTIs) in males are considered
complicated, because the infection source is not secondary to
ascending infection.
◉ An asymptomatic pregnant woman has a positive leukocyte
esterase and positive nitrites on a urine dipstick screening. What
will the provider do next?
a. Admit to the hospital
b. Obtain a urine culture
c. Order a renal ultrasound
d. Prescribe trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ).
Answer: ANS: B
