NURS 5334 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
TEST 1 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT PAPER
2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ placental drug transfer.
Answer: all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than
others
⩥ adverse reactions during pregnancy.
Answer: can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory
depression in baby
⩥ teratogenesis birth defects.
Answer: gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
⩥ 3 stages of teratogenesis development.
,Answer: 1. conception through week 2
2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
⩥ embryonic stages.
Answer:
⩥ identification of teratogens.
Answer: difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal
studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
⩥ responding to teratogen exposure.
Answer: Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
,Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
⩥ how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding.
Answer: - take drugs immediately after breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect
infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
⩥ pediatric response to drugs.
Answer: - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
⩥ determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates &
infants.
Answer: - elevated drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
, ⩥ comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants.
Answer:
⩥ increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of....
Answer: absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism,
renal drug excretion
⩥ infant absorption: oral administration.
Answer: prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
⩥ infant absorption: gastric acidity.
Answer: - very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
⩥ infant absorption: intramuscular admin.
Answer: slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in
1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates &
adults
TEST 1 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT PAPER
2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ placental drug transfer.
Answer: all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than
others
⩥ adverse reactions during pregnancy.
Answer: can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory
depression in baby
⩥ teratogenesis birth defects.
Answer: gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
⩥ 3 stages of teratogenesis development.
,Answer: 1. conception through week 2
2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
⩥ embryonic stages.
Answer:
⩥ identification of teratogens.
Answer: difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal
studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
⩥ responding to teratogen exposure.
Answer: Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
,Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
⩥ how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding.
Answer: - take drugs immediately after breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect
infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
⩥ pediatric response to drugs.
Answer: - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
⩥ determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates &
infants.
Answer: - elevated drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
, ⩥ comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants.
Answer:
⩥ increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of....
Answer: absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism,
renal drug excretion
⩥ infant absorption: oral administration.
Answer: prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
⩥ infant absorption: gastric acidity.
Answer: - very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
⩥ infant absorption: intramuscular admin.
Answer: slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in
1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates &
adults
