NURS 5334 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
2026 ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY ANTIVIRAL
AND ANTIFUNGAL MEDICATIONS NOTES
COMPILATION
◉ drug metabolism (biotransformation)
Answer: enzymatic alteration of drug structure, often takes place in
the liver
◉ P450 system
Answer: group of hepatic enzyme families in the liver which
metabolize drugs and endogenous compounds
◉ prodrug
Answer: A drug that is inactive in its given form and must be
metabolized to its active form in the body, generally by the liver, to
be effective.
◉ substrate
Answer: reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
◉ inducer
,Answer: A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in
an operon.
◉ therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism
Answer: - Accelerated renal excretion of drugs
- Drug inactivation
- Increased therapeutic action
- Activation of "prodrugs"
- Increased toxicity
- Decreased toxicity
◉ special considerations in drug metabolism
Answer: - Age
- Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes
- First-pass effect
- Nutritional status
- Competition between drugs
◉ Enterohepatic Recirculation of Drugs
Answer: repeating cycle where drug is transported from the liver ->
bile duct -> duodenum -> back to liver via portal blood
, limited to drugs that have undergone glucuronidation (glucuronide
can be removed in duodenum, allowing transport bacl across
intestinal wall into blood)
◉ therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism
Answer: - increased renal drug excretion*
- drug inactivation
- increased therapeutic action
- activation of prodrugs
◉ excretion
Answer: removal of drugs and their metabolites exit the body
through urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, or expired air
◉ steps in renal drug excretion
Answer: 1. glomerular filtration
2. passive tubular reabsorption
3. active tubular secretion
◉ factors that modify renal drug excretion
Answer: - pH-dependent ionization
- competition for active tubular transport
2026 ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY ANTIVIRAL
AND ANTIFUNGAL MEDICATIONS NOTES
COMPILATION
◉ drug metabolism (biotransformation)
Answer: enzymatic alteration of drug structure, often takes place in
the liver
◉ P450 system
Answer: group of hepatic enzyme families in the liver which
metabolize drugs and endogenous compounds
◉ prodrug
Answer: A drug that is inactive in its given form and must be
metabolized to its active form in the body, generally by the liver, to
be effective.
◉ substrate
Answer: reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
◉ inducer
,Answer: A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in
an operon.
◉ therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism
Answer: - Accelerated renal excretion of drugs
- Drug inactivation
- Increased therapeutic action
- Activation of "prodrugs"
- Increased toxicity
- Decreased toxicity
◉ special considerations in drug metabolism
Answer: - Age
- Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes
- First-pass effect
- Nutritional status
- Competition between drugs
◉ Enterohepatic Recirculation of Drugs
Answer: repeating cycle where drug is transported from the liver ->
bile duct -> duodenum -> back to liver via portal blood
, limited to drugs that have undergone glucuronidation (glucuronide
can be removed in duodenum, allowing transport bacl across
intestinal wall into blood)
◉ therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism
Answer: - increased renal drug excretion*
- drug inactivation
- increased therapeutic action
- activation of prodrugs
◉ excretion
Answer: removal of drugs and their metabolites exit the body
through urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, or expired air
◉ steps in renal drug excretion
Answer: 1. glomerular filtration
2. passive tubular reabsorption
3. active tubular secretion
◉ factors that modify renal drug excretion
Answer: - pH-dependent ionization
- competition for active tubular transport
