NURS 5334 UTA UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION REVIEW
MATERIAL
●● placental drug transfer
Answer: all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than
others
●● adverse reactions during pregnancy
Answer: can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory
depression in baby
●● teratogenesis birth defects
Answer: gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
●● 3 stages of teratogenesis development
Answer: 1. conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
●● embryonic stages
Answer:
●● identification of teratogens
Answer: difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal
studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
●● responding to teratogen exposure
Answer: Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
,Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
●● how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding
Answer: - take drugs immediately after breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect
infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
●● pediatric response to drugs
Answer: - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
●● determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates &
infants
Answer: - elevated drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
●● comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants
, Answer:
●● increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of...
Answer: absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism,
renal drug excretion
●● infant absorption: oral administration
Answer: prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
●● infant absorption: gastric acidity
Answer: - very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
●● infant absorption: intramuscular admin
Answer: slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in
1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates &
adults
●● infant absorption: transdermal
ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION REVIEW
MATERIAL
●● placental drug transfer
Answer: all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than
others
●● adverse reactions during pregnancy
Answer: can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory
depression in baby
●● teratogenesis birth defects
Answer: gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
●● 3 stages of teratogenesis development
Answer: 1. conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
●● embryonic stages
Answer:
●● identification of teratogens
Answer: difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal
studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
●● responding to teratogen exposure
Answer: Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
,Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
●● how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding
Answer: - take drugs immediately after breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect
infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
●● pediatric response to drugs
Answer: - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
●● determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates &
infants
Answer: - elevated drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
●● comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants
, Answer:
●● increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of...
Answer: absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism,
renal drug excretion
●● infant absorption: oral administration
Answer: prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
●● infant absorption: gastric acidity
Answer: - very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
●● infant absorption: intramuscular admin
Answer: slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in
1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates &
adults
●● infant absorption: transdermal
