NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Erythropoiesis
Correct Answer: More detail in notes. 1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor
cells become large nucleated proerythroblasts. 2. Proerythroblasts go through
several intermediate forms of erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate
most intracellular structures including nucleus to become more compact 3. Last
immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into an erythrocyte in 1-2 days. 4.
Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk like, loses capacity for
hgb synthesis and oxidative metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then
released into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to spleen to mature
further 1% recycled q24h.
Question 2.
Know function and life span of RBCs and platelets
Correct Answer: RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant cells of the blood -
primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation Contains hemoglobin (carries the
gases and electrolytes) à regulates diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative reactions
(CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION) • Has a limited life span of about 100 to
120 days • Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier) Platelets or
thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic fragments) •
Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding • Formed by
fragmentation of very large cells known as megakaryocytes • A platelet
circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is removed by macrophages of the MPS,
mostly in the spleen • Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel à
release biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
Question 3.
Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis. What is methemoglobin?
Correct Answer: 1. Protoporphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four ringed
molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron -Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2. Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron -> Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to
Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 -> Body reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2) 3.
Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb capacity to bind O2 4.
Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein Hgb (iron in the heme group
is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state). Cannot bind with O2 without reactivation by
methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
Question 4.
Granulocytes
,Correct Answer: Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound
granules in their cytoplasm containing enzymes capable of killing
microorganisms and catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and
biochemical mediators with inflammatory /immune functions à neutrophils,
basophils, and eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate through
vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is needed)
Question 5.
Granulocytes: Neutrophils
Correct Answer: 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%) • Defend against
infection • Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) • Serve as
phagocytes in early inflammation • Ingest and destroy microorganisms and
debris and then die in 1 or 2 days • Immature form: bands or stabs • Mature
form: segmented
Question 6.
Granulocytes: Basophils
Correct Answer: • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes,
heparin • Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic
infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks) • Secrete inflammatory
mediators (e.g., histamine, chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
Question 7.
Granulocytes: Eosinophils
Correct Answer: • Are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis •
Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses • Release cytokines and
leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response • Increase in type I
hypersensitivity allergic reactions and asthma • Increase and attack parasitic
infections
Question 8.
Granulocytes: Mast Cells
Correct Answer: • Are highly similar to basophils • Are the central cells in
inflammation • Are found in vascularized connective tissue • Activation and
degranulation affect body cells Increased permeability of blood vessels and
smooth muscle contraction
Question 9.
Agranulocytes:
Correct Answer: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and
lymphocytes (immunocytes); contain fewer granules in cytoplasm than
granulocytes
, Question 10.
Agranulocytes: Monocytes
Correct Answer: Monocytes and macrophages make up the mononuclear
phagocyte system (MPS) • Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs • Provide
the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream • Cleanse the blood
by removing old, injured, or dead blood cells Monocytes: are the precursor to
macrophage and dendritic cells
Question 11.
Agranulocytes: Macrophages
Correct Answer: Macrophages • Remove old and damaged cells and large
molecules from circulation • Are the major "antigen-processing" and
"antigen-presenting" cells that initiate immune responses • Initiate wound
healing and tissue remodeling
Question 12.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: Lymphocytes (25%-33% of leukocytes) • Are the major cells of
the immune system • Are mature T, B, and plasma cells • Life span: days,
months, or years, depending on the type
Question 13.
Natural Killer Cells
Correct Answer: Natural killer (NK) cells (5%-10%) • Found mainly in the
peripheral blood and spleen • Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells • Do not
have to be induced by antigens • Produce cytokines involved in the immune
responses
Question 14.
Hematopoeisis location
Correct Answer: Location: Fetus: Yolk sac, Liver, and spleen, lastly marrow
Adults: Bone marrow and lymph
Question 15.
Hematopoeisis: 2 types of bone marrow in adults
Correct Answer: Red (active, hematopoeitic, AKA myeloid tissue) -Pelvis,
vertebrae, cranium, mandible, sternum/ribs, proximal humerus, femus Yellow
marrow (inactive marrow) -Large quantity of fat makes yellow
Question 16.
Hematopoeisis: 2 types of stem cells
Correct Answer: 1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC's): -Progenitors of all
Question 1.
Erythropoiesis
Correct Answer: More detail in notes. 1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor
cells become large nucleated proerythroblasts. 2. Proerythroblasts go through
several intermediate forms of erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate
most intracellular structures including nucleus to become more compact 3. Last
immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into an erythrocyte in 1-2 days. 4.
Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk like, loses capacity for
hgb synthesis and oxidative metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then
released into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to spleen to mature
further 1% recycled q24h.
Question 2.
Know function and life span of RBCs and platelets
Correct Answer: RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant cells of the blood -
primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation Contains hemoglobin (carries the
gases and electrolytes) à regulates diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative reactions
(CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION) • Has a limited life span of about 100 to
120 days • Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier) Platelets or
thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic fragments) •
Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding • Formed by
fragmentation of very large cells known as megakaryocytes • A platelet
circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is removed by macrophages of the MPS,
mostly in the spleen • Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel à
release biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
Question 3.
Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis. What is methemoglobin?
Correct Answer: 1. Protoporphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four ringed
molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron -Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2. Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron -> Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to
Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 -> Body reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2) 3.
Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb capacity to bind O2 4.
Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein Hgb (iron in the heme group
is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state). Cannot bind with O2 without reactivation by
methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
Question 4.
Granulocytes
,Correct Answer: Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound
granules in their cytoplasm containing enzymes capable of killing
microorganisms and catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and
biochemical mediators with inflammatory /immune functions à neutrophils,
basophils, and eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate through
vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is needed)
Question 5.
Granulocytes: Neutrophils
Correct Answer: 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%) • Defend against
infection • Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) • Serve as
phagocytes in early inflammation • Ingest and destroy microorganisms and
debris and then die in 1 or 2 days • Immature form: bands or stabs • Mature
form: segmented
Question 6.
Granulocytes: Basophils
Correct Answer: • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes,
heparin • Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic
infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks) • Secrete inflammatory
mediators (e.g., histamine, chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
Question 7.
Granulocytes: Eosinophils
Correct Answer: • Are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis •
Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses • Release cytokines and
leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response • Increase in type I
hypersensitivity allergic reactions and asthma • Increase and attack parasitic
infections
Question 8.
Granulocytes: Mast Cells
Correct Answer: • Are highly similar to basophils • Are the central cells in
inflammation • Are found in vascularized connective tissue • Activation and
degranulation affect body cells Increased permeability of blood vessels and
smooth muscle contraction
Question 9.
Agranulocytes:
Correct Answer: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and
lymphocytes (immunocytes); contain fewer granules in cytoplasm than
granulocytes
, Question 10.
Agranulocytes: Monocytes
Correct Answer: Monocytes and macrophages make up the mononuclear
phagocyte system (MPS) • Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs • Provide
the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream • Cleanse the blood
by removing old, injured, or dead blood cells Monocytes: are the precursor to
macrophage and dendritic cells
Question 11.
Agranulocytes: Macrophages
Correct Answer: Macrophages • Remove old and damaged cells and large
molecules from circulation • Are the major "antigen-processing" and
"antigen-presenting" cells that initiate immune responses • Initiate wound
healing and tissue remodeling
Question 12.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: Lymphocytes (25%-33% of leukocytes) • Are the major cells of
the immune system • Are mature T, B, and plasma cells • Life span: days,
months, or years, depending on the type
Question 13.
Natural Killer Cells
Correct Answer: Natural killer (NK) cells (5%-10%) • Found mainly in the
peripheral blood and spleen • Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells • Do not
have to be induced by antigens • Produce cytokines involved in the immune
responses
Question 14.
Hematopoeisis location
Correct Answer: Location: Fetus: Yolk sac, Liver, and spleen, lastly marrow
Adults: Bone marrow and lymph
Question 15.
Hematopoeisis: 2 types of bone marrow in adults
Correct Answer: Red (active, hematopoeitic, AKA myeloid tissue) -Pelvis,
vertebrae, cranium, mandible, sternum/ribs, proximal humerus, femus Yellow
marrow (inactive marrow) -Large quantity of fat makes yellow
Question 16.
Hematopoeisis: 2 types of stem cells
Correct Answer: 1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC's): -Progenitors of all
