NSG-320 Final Exam Questions and Answers
Question 1.
inflammatory re-sponse
Correct Answer: -Can be divided into: •Vascular response •Cellular response
•Formation of exudate •Healing Clinical Manifestations: -Local response to
inflammation: •Redness •Heat •Pain •Swelling Loss of function -Systemic
response to inflammation: •Increased WBC count with a shift to the left
•Malaise •Nausea and anorexia •Increased pulse and respiratory rate •Fever
-Fever: •Patient then experiences chills and shivering Beneficial aspects of fever
include: •Increased killing of microorganisms •Increased phagocytosis
•Increased proliferation of T cells Types of Inflammation: -Acute: •Healing
occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, usually leaving no residual damage •Neutrophils are
predominant cell type at site of inflammation -Subacute: •Has same features as
acute inflammation but persists longer -Chronic: •May last for years •Injurious
agent persists or repeats injury to site •Predominant cell types involved are
lymphocytes and macrophages •May result from changes in immune system
(e.g., autoimmune disease) Acute Interventions: -Observation -Vital signs -Fever
management Drug Therapy: -Aspirin -Acetaminophen -NSAIDs -Corticosteroids
Healing Process: -The final phase of the inflammation process -Healing includes
two major components: regeneration and repair
Question 2.
immune re-sponse
Correct Answer: Immunity: -Body's ability to resist disease -Serves three
functions: •Defense against infection: body protects against invasions by
microorganisms and prevents the development of infection by attacking foreign
antigens and pathogens •Homeostasis: damaged cellular substances are
digested and removed. Through this mechanism, the body's different cell types
remain uniform and unchanged. •Surveillance: mutations continually arise in
the body but are normally recognized as foreign cells and destroyed. Types of
Immunity: -Innate: •Present at birth •First-line defense against pathogens
•Involves a nonspecific response (neutrophils and monocytes) •Not antigen
specific so it can respond within minutes -Acquired: •Developed immunity
•Active or passive Natural Acquired Specific Immunity: •Active: -Natural contact
with antigen through actual infection (e.g., chickenpox, measles, mumps)
•Passive: -Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g.,
maternal im-munoglobulins passed to baby) Artificial Acquired Specific
Immunity: •Active: -Immunization with antigen (e.g., vaccines for chickenpox,
measles, mumps) •Passive: -Injection of serum with antibodies from one person
(e.g., injection of hepatitis B immune globulin) to another person who does not
have antibodies -Antigens: •Substances the body recognizes as foreign that
elicit an immune response •Most are composed of protein -Antibodies: •Immune
globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens Lymphoid Organs:
-Central (primary) lymphoid organs: •Thymus gland: shrinks with age, involved
in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes •Bone marrow: produces
, RBCs -Peripheral lymphoid organs: •Lymph nodes •Tonsils •Spleen •Lymphoid
tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin -WBCs, and platelets
Mononuclear Phagocytes: -Include monocytes in blood and macrophages found
throughout body -Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to
initiate an immune response -Capture antigens by phagocytosis Lymphocytes:
-Produced in bone marrow -Eventually migrate to peripheral organs
-Differentiate into B and T lymphocytes: •T Cytotoxic cells •T Helper cells •B
cells •Natural killer (NK) cells Cytokine Types: -Designed to help fight disease in
many different ways -Interleukins -Interferons: when a virus attacks a cell, the
cell begins to synthesize viral DNA and interferon; interferon serves as an
intercellular messenger. •Interferon induces the production of antiviral
proteins. Then the virus is not able to replicate in the cell. -Tumor necrosis
factor -Colony-stimulating factors -Erythropoietin Classes of Immunoglobulins:
-IgG: found in plasma and interstitial fluid. Crosses placenta to provide newborn
with passive acquired immunity. -lgA: found in body secretions: saliva, tears,
breast milk, colostrum. Lines mucous membranes. -lgM: largest found in plasma;
responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood
antigens. -lgD: found in plasma; present on lymphocyte surface; assists in
differentiation of B lymphocytes. -lgE: found in plasma and interstitial fluids;
causes symptoms of allergic reaction Humoral Immunity: -When an individual is
exposed to an antigen for a second time, response is faster (1 to 3 days) and
lasts longer -Main product of secondary response is IgG rather than IgM
-Memory cells account for more rapid production of IgG Effects of Aging on
Immune System: -Immunosenesce nce •‘ Incidences of tumors •Greater
susceptibility to infection •‘ Autoantibodies: an antibody (a type of protein)
produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the
individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus
erythematosus) are caused by such autoantibodies. •“ Cell-mediated immunity
•Thymic involution •Delayed hypersensitivity reaction •“ IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis
•“ Expression of IL-2 receptors •“ Proliferation response of T and B cells •“
Primary and secondary antibody responses Altered Immune Response:
-Immunocompetence •Body's immune system can identify and inactivate or
destroy foreign substances. -Immune system is incompetent or under
responsive in the case of: •Severe infections •Immunodeficiency diseases
•Malignancies -When the immune system overreacts, hypersensitivity disorders
such as allergies and autoimmune diseases may develop. Hypersensitivity
Reactions/ Anaphylaxis: -Mediators are released systemically (e.g., after
injection of a drug, after an insect sting). -The reaction occurs within minutes
and can be life threatening because of bronchial constriction and subsequent
airway obstruction and vascular collapse. -Initial symptoms include edema and
itching at the site of exposure to the allergen. -Shock can occur rapidly and is
manifested by rapid, weak pulse; hypotension; dilated pupils; dyspnea; and
possibly cyanosis. -This is compounded by bronchial edema and angioedema.
-Death will occur if emergency treatment is not initiated. -Some of the important
allergens that can cause anaphylactic shock in hypersen-sitive people are listed
in Table 13-9. -Drugs are the leading cause of anaphylaxis-related deaths
-Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is the most common type I hypersensitivity
reaction -Atopic dermatitis -Urticaria (hives) -Angioedema -Hemolytic
-Transfusion reactions -Goodpasture syndrome -Contact dermatitis -Latex
Question 1.
inflammatory re-sponse
Correct Answer: -Can be divided into: •Vascular response •Cellular response
•Formation of exudate •Healing Clinical Manifestations: -Local response to
inflammation: •Redness •Heat •Pain •Swelling Loss of function -Systemic
response to inflammation: •Increased WBC count with a shift to the left
•Malaise •Nausea and anorexia •Increased pulse and respiratory rate •Fever
-Fever: •Patient then experiences chills and shivering Beneficial aspects of fever
include: •Increased killing of microorganisms •Increased phagocytosis
•Increased proliferation of T cells Types of Inflammation: -Acute: •Healing
occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, usually leaving no residual damage •Neutrophils are
predominant cell type at site of inflammation -Subacute: •Has same features as
acute inflammation but persists longer -Chronic: •May last for years •Injurious
agent persists or repeats injury to site •Predominant cell types involved are
lymphocytes and macrophages •May result from changes in immune system
(e.g., autoimmune disease) Acute Interventions: -Observation -Vital signs -Fever
management Drug Therapy: -Aspirin -Acetaminophen -NSAIDs -Corticosteroids
Healing Process: -The final phase of the inflammation process -Healing includes
two major components: regeneration and repair
Question 2.
immune re-sponse
Correct Answer: Immunity: -Body's ability to resist disease -Serves three
functions: •Defense against infection: body protects against invasions by
microorganisms and prevents the development of infection by attacking foreign
antigens and pathogens •Homeostasis: damaged cellular substances are
digested and removed. Through this mechanism, the body's different cell types
remain uniform and unchanged. •Surveillance: mutations continually arise in
the body but are normally recognized as foreign cells and destroyed. Types of
Immunity: -Innate: •Present at birth •First-line defense against pathogens
•Involves a nonspecific response (neutrophils and monocytes) •Not antigen
specific so it can respond within minutes -Acquired: •Developed immunity
•Active or passive Natural Acquired Specific Immunity: •Active: -Natural contact
with antigen through actual infection (e.g., chickenpox, measles, mumps)
•Passive: -Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g.,
maternal im-munoglobulins passed to baby) Artificial Acquired Specific
Immunity: •Active: -Immunization with antigen (e.g., vaccines for chickenpox,
measles, mumps) •Passive: -Injection of serum with antibodies from one person
(e.g., injection of hepatitis B immune globulin) to another person who does not
have antibodies -Antigens: •Substances the body recognizes as foreign that
elicit an immune response •Most are composed of protein -Antibodies: •Immune
globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens Lymphoid Organs:
-Central (primary) lymphoid organs: •Thymus gland: shrinks with age, involved
in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes •Bone marrow: produces
, RBCs -Peripheral lymphoid organs: •Lymph nodes •Tonsils •Spleen •Lymphoid
tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin -WBCs, and platelets
Mononuclear Phagocytes: -Include monocytes in blood and macrophages found
throughout body -Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to
initiate an immune response -Capture antigens by phagocytosis Lymphocytes:
-Produced in bone marrow -Eventually migrate to peripheral organs
-Differentiate into B and T lymphocytes: •T Cytotoxic cells •T Helper cells •B
cells •Natural killer (NK) cells Cytokine Types: -Designed to help fight disease in
many different ways -Interleukins -Interferons: when a virus attacks a cell, the
cell begins to synthesize viral DNA and interferon; interferon serves as an
intercellular messenger. •Interferon induces the production of antiviral
proteins. Then the virus is not able to replicate in the cell. -Tumor necrosis
factor -Colony-stimulating factors -Erythropoietin Classes of Immunoglobulins:
-IgG: found in plasma and interstitial fluid. Crosses placenta to provide newborn
with passive acquired immunity. -lgA: found in body secretions: saliva, tears,
breast milk, colostrum. Lines mucous membranes. -lgM: largest found in plasma;
responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood
antigens. -lgD: found in plasma; present on lymphocyte surface; assists in
differentiation of B lymphocytes. -lgE: found in plasma and interstitial fluids;
causes symptoms of allergic reaction Humoral Immunity: -When an individual is
exposed to an antigen for a second time, response is faster (1 to 3 days) and
lasts longer -Main product of secondary response is IgG rather than IgM
-Memory cells account for more rapid production of IgG Effects of Aging on
Immune System: -Immunosenesce nce •‘ Incidences of tumors •Greater
susceptibility to infection •‘ Autoantibodies: an antibody (a type of protein)
produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the
individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus
erythematosus) are caused by such autoantibodies. •“ Cell-mediated immunity
•Thymic involution •Delayed hypersensitivity reaction •“ IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis
•“ Expression of IL-2 receptors •“ Proliferation response of T and B cells •“
Primary and secondary antibody responses Altered Immune Response:
-Immunocompetence •Body's immune system can identify and inactivate or
destroy foreign substances. -Immune system is incompetent or under
responsive in the case of: •Severe infections •Immunodeficiency diseases
•Malignancies -When the immune system overreacts, hypersensitivity disorders
such as allergies and autoimmune diseases may develop. Hypersensitivity
Reactions/ Anaphylaxis: -Mediators are released systemically (e.g., after
injection of a drug, after an insect sting). -The reaction occurs within minutes
and can be life threatening because of bronchial constriction and subsequent
airway obstruction and vascular collapse. -Initial symptoms include edema and
itching at the site of exposure to the allergen. -Shock can occur rapidly and is
manifested by rapid, weak pulse; hypotension; dilated pupils; dyspnea; and
possibly cyanosis. -This is compounded by bronchial edema and angioedema.
-Death will occur if emergency treatment is not initiated. -Some of the important
allergens that can cause anaphylactic shock in hypersen-sitive people are listed
in Table 13-9. -Drugs are the leading cause of anaphylaxis-related deaths
-Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is the most common type I hypersensitivity
reaction -Atopic dermatitis -Urticaria (hives) -Angioedema -Hemolytic
-Transfusion reactions -Goodpasture syndrome -Contact dermatitis -Latex
