NR 605 EXAM 4: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (CHAMBERLAIN) 100%
GUARANTEE PASS
1. A patient with Type 2 Diabetes is prescribed Exenatide. Which mechanism best describes
how this medication lowers blood glucose?
A. Stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion and slowing gastric emptying
B. Inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme to prolong the action of incretin hormones
C. Increasing glucose excretion via the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidneys
D. Activating PPAR-gamma receptors to improve peripheral insulin sensitivity
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that enhances glucose-
dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, and slows gastric emptying. DPP-4
inhibitors (B) and SGLT2 inhibitors (C) represent different classes. Thiazolidinediones (D)
act on PPAR-gamma.自
2. Which of the following is a primary contraindication for the use of Metformin in a patient
with chronic kidney disease?
A. Risk of hepatic encephalopathy
,B. Potential for severe hypoglycemia
C. Increased risk of lactic acidosis due to reduced drug clearance
D. Development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is cleared renally; in patients with significantly
reduced GFR (typically <30 mL/min/1.73m²), the risk of metformin-associated lactic
acidosis increases significantly due to drug accumulation.
3. A patient presents with tachycardia, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos. Which
medication is most likely to be used for the rapid symptomatic relief of the adrenergic
symptoms?
A. Propranolol
B. Methimazole
C. Propylthiouracil
D. Levothyroxine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Beta-blockers like Propranolol are used in hyperthyroidism
(Graves’ disease) to manage the sympathomimetic effects like tachycardia and tremors
while awaiting the effects of antithyroid medications.
, 4. Which pathophysiological mechanism distinguishes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Presence of peripheral insulin resistance
B. Reduced incretin effect in the gut
C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
D. Hypersecretion of glucagon from alpha cells
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin
deficiency due to autoimmune-mediated destruction of the beta cells in the islets of
Langerhans, whereas Type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative deficiency.
5. A patient taking long-term corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis is at risk for which
condition if the medication is stopped abruptly?
A. Cushing’s Syndrome
B. Secondary adrenal insufficiency
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Primary hyperparathyroidism
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (CHAMBERLAIN) 100%
GUARANTEE PASS
1. A patient with Type 2 Diabetes is prescribed Exenatide. Which mechanism best describes
how this medication lowers blood glucose?
A. Stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion and slowing gastric emptying
B. Inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme to prolong the action of incretin hormones
C. Increasing glucose excretion via the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidneys
D. Activating PPAR-gamma receptors to improve peripheral insulin sensitivity
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that enhances glucose-
dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, and slows gastric emptying. DPP-4
inhibitors (B) and SGLT2 inhibitors (C) represent different classes. Thiazolidinediones (D)
act on PPAR-gamma.自
2. Which of the following is a primary contraindication for the use of Metformin in a patient
with chronic kidney disease?
A. Risk of hepatic encephalopathy
,B. Potential for severe hypoglycemia
C. Increased risk of lactic acidosis due to reduced drug clearance
D. Development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin is cleared renally; in patients with significantly
reduced GFR (typically <30 mL/min/1.73m²), the risk of metformin-associated lactic
acidosis increases significantly due to drug accumulation.
3. A patient presents with tachycardia, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos. Which
medication is most likely to be used for the rapid symptomatic relief of the adrenergic
symptoms?
A. Propranolol
B. Methimazole
C. Propylthiouracil
D. Levothyroxine
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Beta-blockers like Propranolol are used in hyperthyroidism
(Graves’ disease) to manage the sympathomimetic effects like tachycardia and tremors
while awaiting the effects of antithyroid medications.
, 4. Which pathophysiological mechanism distinguishes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Presence of peripheral insulin resistance
B. Reduced incretin effect in the gut
C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
D. Hypersecretion of glucagon from alpha cells
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin
deficiency due to autoimmune-mediated destruction of the beta cells in the islets of
Langerhans, whereas Type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative deficiency.
5. A patient taking long-term corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis is at risk for which
condition if the medication is stopped abruptly?
A. Cushing’s Syndrome
B. Secondary adrenal insufficiency
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Primary hyperparathyroidism
Answer: B
