BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS
& VERIFIED ANSWERS (A+
GUARANTEE) 2026/2027
1. During the process of dehydration synthesis, what occurs to facilitate the linkage of two
monomers?
A. A water molecule is added to break the existing covalent bond.
B. A water molecule is removed as a covalent bond forms between monomers.
C. Ionic bonds are formed through the sharing of electrons.
D. Hydrogen bonds are converted into stronger peptide linkages.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Dehydration synthesis involves the removal of a hydrogen atom
from one monomer and a hydroxyl group from another, releasing a water molecule and
forming a covalent bond.
,2. Which property of water allows it to resist drastic temperature changes, making it a stable
environment for marine life?
A. High surface tension
B. Low density as a solid
C. Versatility as a solvent
D. High specific heat
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: High specific heat means water must absorb or lose a large
amount of heat to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius due to hydrogen bonding.
3. In the fluid mosaic model, what is the primary role of cholesterol within the plasma
membrane of animal cells?
A. To facilitate the active transport of ions.
B. To act as a receptor for cell signaling molecules.
C. To provide structural support to the cell wall.
D. To regulate membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Cholesterol acts as a fluidity buffer; it prevents the membrane
from becoming too rigid at low temperatures and too fluid at high temperatures.
, 4. Which organelle is responsible for the hydrolytic breakdown of macromolecules and
damaged organelles?
A. Peroxisome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Lysosome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Lysosomes contain acidic hydrolases that digest proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.
5. What characterizes the ‘Secondary Structure’ of a protein?
A. The linear sequence of amino acids.
B. The folding into alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets via hydrogen bonding.
C. The interaction between multiple polypeptide chains.
D. The stabilization of the protein via disulfide bridges between R-groups.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Secondary structure refers to local folded structures that form
within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.
6. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will be the net movement of water?
A. Solutes will move into the cell to reach equilibrium.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS
& VERIFIED ANSWERS (A+
GUARANTEE) 2026/2027
1. During the process of dehydration synthesis, what occurs to facilitate the linkage of two
monomers?
A. A water molecule is added to break the existing covalent bond.
B. A water molecule is removed as a covalent bond forms between monomers.
C. Ionic bonds are formed through the sharing of electrons.
D. Hydrogen bonds are converted into stronger peptide linkages.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Dehydration synthesis involves the removal of a hydrogen atom
from one monomer and a hydroxyl group from another, releasing a water molecule and
forming a covalent bond.
,2. Which property of water allows it to resist drastic temperature changes, making it a stable
environment for marine life?
A. High surface tension
B. Low density as a solid
C. Versatility as a solvent
D. High specific heat
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: High specific heat means water must absorb or lose a large
amount of heat to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius due to hydrogen bonding.
3. In the fluid mosaic model, what is the primary role of cholesterol within the plasma
membrane of animal cells?
A. To facilitate the active transport of ions.
B. To act as a receptor for cell signaling molecules.
C. To provide structural support to the cell wall.
D. To regulate membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Cholesterol acts as a fluidity buffer; it prevents the membrane
from becoming too rigid at low temperatures and too fluid at high temperatures.
, 4. Which organelle is responsible for the hydrolytic breakdown of macromolecules and
damaged organelles?
A. Peroxisome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Lysosome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Lysosomes contain acidic hydrolases that digest proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.
5. What characterizes the ‘Secondary Structure’ of a protein?
A. The linear sequence of amino acids.
B. The folding into alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets via hydrogen bonding.
C. The interaction between multiple polypeptide chains.
D. The stabilization of the protein via disulfide bridges between R-groups.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Secondary structure refers to local folded structures that form
within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.
6. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will be the net movement of water?
A. Solutes will move into the cell to reach equilibrium.
