NURS 753 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ WHICH AREAS OF THE BRAIN, IF INJURED HAVE
IPSILATERAL SYMPTOMS
Answer: CEREBELLUM
⩥ DIFFERENTIATE THE INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS
AND THEIR SUBDIVISIONS.
Answer: Fluid found inside the cells is referred to as intracellular fluid
(ICF)
§ Collectively, the ICF accounts for approximately two-thirds of the
body's water (weight 40% of total body weight).
§ Rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphate and electrolytes
⩥ DIFFERENTIATE THE INTRACELLULAR AND
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENTS AND THEIR
SUBDIVISIONS.
Answer: Fluid found outside the cells is referred to as extracellular fluid
(ECF)
§ Interstitial (between the cells)
§ Intravascular (inside the blood vessels)
,· Blood (serum) electrolyte tests examine only intravascular electrolytes,
but inferences from these tests can be made as to what is occurring in the
other compartments.
§ Transcellular (between epithelial lined spaces) compartments
· Fluid in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities, cerebrospinal
fluid, and fluid in the joint spaces, lymph system, eyes and
gastrointestinal tract.
§ The ECF makes up the remaining one third of the body fluid (20% of
total body weight)
§ Approximately three fourths of the ECF (i.e., 15% of total body
weight) is found in the interstitial compartment, and the remaining one
fourth ( 5% of total body weight) is found in the intravascular and
transcellular compartment.
§ Rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
⩥ DEFINE TONICITY
Answer: o is determined by the osmotic pressure of the solvent and
solute separated by a semipermeable membrane and the concentration
relative to one another on each side of the membrane.
§ Used to described cell's response to an external solution (electrolytes
containing Na, K, glucose)
⩥ Isotonic solutions:
Answer: Have concentrations of solutes equal to those in the
intravascular compartment. isotonic solutions allow fluid to move
,equally between compartments and do not cause notable shifts in fluid
volume.
§ 0.9% normal saline, Lactated Ringer's solution, 5% dextrose in water
solution
⩥ Hypotonic solutions:
Answer: Have a lower concentration of solutes than those in the
intravascular compartment and cause fluid to shift from the intravascular
compartment to the intracellular space.
§ 0.45% normal saline
⩥ Hypertonic solutions
Answer: Have a higher concentration of solutes than those in the
intravascular compartment and cause fluid to shift from the intracellular
compartment to the intravascular space.
§ 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline, 3% saline, 10% dextrose in water
⩥ · DESCRIBE THE PROCESS FOR EVALUATING AND
MANAGING HYPONATREMIA.
Answer: § Step One: Is the hyponatremia hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic
(most common)?
· Patient at risk for isotonic or hypertonic hyponatremia?
o Severe hyperglycemia (Diabetic ketoacidosis or Hyperglycemic
Hyperosmolar State)
, o Recent bladder or prostate surgery (Mannitol irrigation)
o Patient recently given mannitol or intravenous immunoglobulin?
· Any reason to suspect pseudohyponatremia? (This is a lab error due to
things like severe hyperlipidemia, severe obstructive jaundice or plasma
cell dyscrasia)
· If unsure, measure serum osmolality. If <280 mosm/kg (and your
glucose is <300mg/dl), you have hypotonic hyponatremia.
§ Step Two: Is the problem one of impaired water excretion (most
common) or is there normal water excretion?
· Remember: The renal response to a diluted blood plasma SHOULD BE
sodium retention and to maximally dilute the urine.
· ADH SHOULD be turned off to maximally dilute urine
· Check a urine osmolality
· Osmolality greater than 150 mosmol/kg and a specific gravity >1.003
indicates impaired water excretion
§ Step Three: What is the volume status of the patient?
· Physical Exam
· History
· Measure Urine Sodium
§ Treatment depends on the chronicity, the cause, the volume status of
the patient and the current symptoms
⩥ If pH < 7.35 and CO2 >45
Answer: respiratory acidosis
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT 2026 FULL
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ WHICH AREAS OF THE BRAIN, IF INJURED HAVE
IPSILATERAL SYMPTOMS
Answer: CEREBELLUM
⩥ DIFFERENTIATE THE INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS
AND THEIR SUBDIVISIONS.
Answer: Fluid found inside the cells is referred to as intracellular fluid
(ICF)
§ Collectively, the ICF accounts for approximately two-thirds of the
body's water (weight 40% of total body weight).
§ Rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphate and electrolytes
⩥ DIFFERENTIATE THE INTRACELLULAR AND
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENTS AND THEIR
SUBDIVISIONS.
Answer: Fluid found outside the cells is referred to as extracellular fluid
(ECF)
§ Interstitial (between the cells)
§ Intravascular (inside the blood vessels)
,· Blood (serum) electrolyte tests examine only intravascular electrolytes,
but inferences from these tests can be made as to what is occurring in the
other compartments.
§ Transcellular (between epithelial lined spaces) compartments
· Fluid in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities, cerebrospinal
fluid, and fluid in the joint spaces, lymph system, eyes and
gastrointestinal tract.
§ The ECF makes up the remaining one third of the body fluid (20% of
total body weight)
§ Approximately three fourths of the ECF (i.e., 15% of total body
weight) is found in the interstitial compartment, and the remaining one
fourth ( 5% of total body weight) is found in the intravascular and
transcellular compartment.
§ Rich in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
⩥ DEFINE TONICITY
Answer: o is determined by the osmotic pressure of the solvent and
solute separated by a semipermeable membrane and the concentration
relative to one another on each side of the membrane.
§ Used to described cell's response to an external solution (electrolytes
containing Na, K, glucose)
⩥ Isotonic solutions:
Answer: Have concentrations of solutes equal to those in the
intravascular compartment. isotonic solutions allow fluid to move
,equally between compartments and do not cause notable shifts in fluid
volume.
§ 0.9% normal saline, Lactated Ringer's solution, 5% dextrose in water
solution
⩥ Hypotonic solutions:
Answer: Have a lower concentration of solutes than those in the
intravascular compartment and cause fluid to shift from the intravascular
compartment to the intracellular space.
§ 0.45% normal saline
⩥ Hypertonic solutions
Answer: Have a higher concentration of solutes than those in the
intravascular compartment and cause fluid to shift from the intracellular
compartment to the intravascular space.
§ 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline, 3% saline, 10% dextrose in water
⩥ · DESCRIBE THE PROCESS FOR EVALUATING AND
MANAGING HYPONATREMIA.
Answer: § Step One: Is the hyponatremia hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic
(most common)?
· Patient at risk for isotonic or hypertonic hyponatremia?
o Severe hyperglycemia (Diabetic ketoacidosis or Hyperglycemic
Hyperosmolar State)
, o Recent bladder or prostate surgery (Mannitol irrigation)
o Patient recently given mannitol or intravenous immunoglobulin?
· Any reason to suspect pseudohyponatremia? (This is a lab error due to
things like severe hyperlipidemia, severe obstructive jaundice or plasma
cell dyscrasia)
· If unsure, measure serum osmolality. If <280 mosm/kg (and your
glucose is <300mg/dl), you have hypotonic hyponatremia.
§ Step Two: Is the problem one of impaired water excretion (most
common) or is there normal water excretion?
· Remember: The renal response to a diluted blood plasma SHOULD BE
sodium retention and to maximally dilute the urine.
· ADH SHOULD be turned off to maximally dilute urine
· Check a urine osmolality
· Osmolality greater than 150 mosmol/kg and a specific gravity >1.003
indicates impaired water excretion
§ Step Three: What is the volume status of the patient?
· Physical Exam
· History
· Measure Urine Sodium
§ Treatment depends on the chronicity, the cause, the volume status of
the patient and the current symptoms
⩥ If pH < 7.35 and CO2 >45
Answer: respiratory acidosis
