NURS 753 THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What is adaptative immunity?
Answer: Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to
the antigens.
⩥ What is antigen?
Answer: a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the
immune system
⩥ What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?
Answer: a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
⩥ What is autoantibody?
Answer: an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an
individual's own proteins
⩥ What is lysozyme?
Answer: an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
,⩥ What is pyrogens?
Answer: Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
⩥ What is Humoral immunity?
Answer: interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell
function or humoral immunity)
⩥ What is cell-mediated immunity?
Answer: is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle
bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
⩥ What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?
Answer: known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans,
HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
⩥ What is alloimmunity?
Answer: Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic,
syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the
same species and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
⩥ What is autoimmunity?
Answer: Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and
regulatory mechanisms
,§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T
cells and bone marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing.
With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are
destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B
and T cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not
recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the
immune system has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of
immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
⩥ What is allogenic?
Answer: Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
⩥ What is autologous?
Answer: hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
⩥ DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
Answer: o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
, o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
inflammatory response is triggered.
⩥ Describe the Acute phase of inflammation
Answer: Starts immediately after the injury and continues until the threat
is eliminated (hours to days)
⩥ Describe the chronic phase of inflammation
Answer: o Takes over until healing and repair are complete (weeks or
months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
⩥ ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE?
Answer: Driven by mast cells.
⩥ HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?
Answer: Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat
stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase
is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling
are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional
unregulated increase in temperature along with an inability of the body
to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a
response from an external factor.
ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What is adaptative immunity?
Answer: Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to
the antigens.
⩥ What is antigen?
Answer: a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the
immune system
⩥ What is antibody (immunoglobulin)?
Answer: a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
⩥ What is autoantibody?
Answer: an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an
individual's own proteins
⩥ What is lysozyme?
Answer: an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
,⩥ What is pyrogens?
Answer: Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
⩥ What is Humoral immunity?
Answer: interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell
function or humoral immunity)
⩥ What is cell-mediated immunity?
Answer: is the main mechanism by which the body fights the tubercle
bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
⩥ What is Human Leukocyte antigen system?
Answer: known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans,
HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
⩥ What is alloimmunity?
Answer: Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic,
syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the
same species and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
⩥ What is autoimmunity?
Answer: Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and
regulatory mechanisms
,§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T
cells and bone marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing.
With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are
destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B
and T cells migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not
recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the
immune system has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of
immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
⩥ What is allogenic?
Answer: Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
⩥ What is autologous?
Answer: hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
⩥ DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
Answer: o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
, o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
inflammatory response is triggered.
⩥ Describe the Acute phase of inflammation
Answer: Starts immediately after the injury and continues until the threat
is eliminated (hours to days)
⩥ Describe the chronic phase of inflammation
Answer: o Takes over until healing and repair are complete (weeks or
months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
⩥ ·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE?
Answer: Driven by mast cells.
⩥ HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA?
Answer: Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat
stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase
is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling
are functioning. Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional
unregulated increase in temperature along with an inability of the body
to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's just a
response from an external factor.
