NURS 617 PHARM EXAM 3 UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Nucleolus
Answer: Dense nuclear subdomain; rRNA transcription/processing
and ribosomal subunit assembly.
◉ Nuclear membrane (envelope)
Answer: Two lipid bilayers with nuclear pores; outer membrane
continuous with RER; regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking.
◉ Cytoplasm
Answer: Aqueous cytosol + organelles; site of intermediary
metabolism, protein synthesis (free ribosomes), and cytoskeletal
architecture.
◉ Ribosomes
Answer: rRNA-protein complexes; free (cytosolic proteins) vs. RER-
bound (secreted, membrane, or organelle proteins).
◉ Mitochondria
,Answer: Double membrane; inner membrane cristae host
ETC/oxidative phosphorylation; own DNA; ATP production,
apoptosis signaling, Ca²⁺ buffering.
◉ Cell (plasma) membrane
Answer: Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol, proteins, and
carbohydrates; selective barrier, signaling, cell
recognition/adhesion.
◉ Rough ER
Answer: Studded with ribosomes; co-translational insertion, folding,
initial glycosylation of secretory/membrane proteins.
◉ Smooth ER
Answer: Lipid and steroid synthesis; detoxification (CYPs); Ca²⁺
storage (esp. in muscle—sarcoplasmic reticulum).
◉ Golgi apparatus
Answer: Cisterna stacks; post-translational modification
(glycosylation, sulfation), sorting, and packaging into
vesicles/lysosomes.
◉ Lysosomes
, Answer: Acidic, hydrolase-rich vesicles; autophagy and heterophagy;
degrade macromolecules.
◉ Peroxisomes
Answer: Oxidases/catalase; β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty
acids; detoxify H₂O₂; plasmalogen synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton
Answer: Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (e.g.,
keratins), microtubules (tubulin); cell shape, transport, division,
motility.
◉ Microtubules
Answer: Hollow tubulin polymers; originate from centrosome;
tracks for kinesin/dynein; mitotic spindle; cilia/flagella axoneme.
◉ Cell membrane
Answer: Asymmetric phospholipid bilayer + cholesterol; fluid
mosaic; receptors, channels, transporters; barrier & signaling.
◉ Nuclear membrane
Answer: Double bilayer with pores and lamina; high selectivity for
RNA/protein traffic; mechanical support to nucleus.
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
◉ Nucleolus
Answer: Dense nuclear subdomain; rRNA transcription/processing
and ribosomal subunit assembly.
◉ Nuclear membrane (envelope)
Answer: Two lipid bilayers with nuclear pores; outer membrane
continuous with RER; regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking.
◉ Cytoplasm
Answer: Aqueous cytosol + organelles; site of intermediary
metabolism, protein synthesis (free ribosomes), and cytoskeletal
architecture.
◉ Ribosomes
Answer: rRNA-protein complexes; free (cytosolic proteins) vs. RER-
bound (secreted, membrane, or organelle proteins).
◉ Mitochondria
,Answer: Double membrane; inner membrane cristae host
ETC/oxidative phosphorylation; own DNA; ATP production,
apoptosis signaling, Ca²⁺ buffering.
◉ Cell (plasma) membrane
Answer: Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol, proteins, and
carbohydrates; selective barrier, signaling, cell
recognition/adhesion.
◉ Rough ER
Answer: Studded with ribosomes; co-translational insertion, folding,
initial glycosylation of secretory/membrane proteins.
◉ Smooth ER
Answer: Lipid and steroid synthesis; detoxification (CYPs); Ca²⁺
storage (esp. in muscle—sarcoplasmic reticulum).
◉ Golgi apparatus
Answer: Cisterna stacks; post-translational modification
(glycosylation, sulfation), sorting, and packaging into
vesicles/lysosomes.
◉ Lysosomes
, Answer: Acidic, hydrolase-rich vesicles; autophagy and heterophagy;
degrade macromolecules.
◉ Peroxisomes
Answer: Oxidases/catalase; β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty
acids; detoxify H₂O₂; plasmalogen synthesis.
◉ Cytoskeleton
Answer: Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (e.g.,
keratins), microtubules (tubulin); cell shape, transport, division,
motility.
◉ Microtubules
Answer: Hollow tubulin polymers; originate from centrosome;
tracks for kinesin/dynein; mitotic spindle; cilia/flagella axoneme.
◉ Cell membrane
Answer: Asymmetric phospholipid bilayer + cholesterol; fluid
mosaic; receptors, channels, transporters; barrier & signaling.
◉ Nuclear membrane
Answer: Double bilayer with pores and lamina; high selectivity for
RNA/protein traffic; mechanical support to nucleus.
