APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED COMPREHENSIVE
TEST QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Special senses. Answer: Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
◉ Types of receptors - Mechanoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by touch/pressure
◉ Types of receptors - Chemoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by chemical in blood, food, air
◉ Types of receptors - Thermoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by heat/cold
◉ Types of receptors - Photoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated
by light
◉ Types of receptors - Nociceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
painful stimuli
◉ Pain mechanisms. Answer: Exposed nerve endings detect pain
,◉ Sclera. Answer: Outermost portion, white area; anterior side is
cornea - Cornea covers pupil
◉ Choroid. Answer: Middle layer; contains melanin, absorbs light -
Gives pupil black appearance
◉ Retina. Answer: Innermost layer; photoreceptors and nerve cells -
Attached to choroid, making it vulnerable to damage
◉ Optical Nerve and associated structures - cranial nerve II. Answer:
Exits the eye through an area with no photoreceptors, known as
optic disc, retinal arteries and veins pass through optic disc
◉ Lens. Answer: Transparent flexible structure lies behind iris;
smooth muscles at anterior choroid attach to lens to alter its shape,
allowing it to focus; 2 chambers with fluid
◉ Conjunctiva. Answer: Inner surface of eyelid; exposed surface;
fragile membrane
◉ Lacrimal Duct. Answer: Tears Drain
◉ Meibomian Glands. Answer: Line eyelashes
, ◉ Outer Ear. Answer: Auricle - Funnels sound waves, ear lobe - no
function
Ear canal - directs waves to eardrum
◉ Middle Ear. Answer: Tympanic membrane - vibrates when struck
by sound waves
Ossicles - transmit sounds to cochlea
◉ Inner Ear. Answer: Cochlea converts fluid waves to nerve impulses
Semicircular canals - direct head movement
Saccule and utricle - detect head movement and linear acceleration
◉ Conductive Hearing. Answer: Process of sound waves going from
outer ear to the tympanic membrane
◉ Sensoneural Hearing. Answer: Process of sound traveling from
middle ear to inner ear and then the brain
◉ Pain. Answer: Protective mechanism: warning the body when
something is wrong
TEST QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Special senses. Answer: Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
◉ Types of receptors - Mechanoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by touch/pressure
◉ Types of receptors - Chemoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by chemical in blood, food, air
◉ Types of receptors - Thermoreceptors. Answer: Receptors
activated by heat/cold
◉ Types of receptors - Photoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated
by light
◉ Types of receptors - Nociceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
painful stimuli
◉ Pain mechanisms. Answer: Exposed nerve endings detect pain
,◉ Sclera. Answer: Outermost portion, white area; anterior side is
cornea - Cornea covers pupil
◉ Choroid. Answer: Middle layer; contains melanin, absorbs light -
Gives pupil black appearance
◉ Retina. Answer: Innermost layer; photoreceptors and nerve cells -
Attached to choroid, making it vulnerable to damage
◉ Optical Nerve and associated structures - cranial nerve II. Answer:
Exits the eye through an area with no photoreceptors, known as
optic disc, retinal arteries and veins pass through optic disc
◉ Lens. Answer: Transparent flexible structure lies behind iris;
smooth muscles at anterior choroid attach to lens to alter its shape,
allowing it to focus; 2 chambers with fluid
◉ Conjunctiva. Answer: Inner surface of eyelid; exposed surface;
fragile membrane
◉ Lacrimal Duct. Answer: Tears Drain
◉ Meibomian Glands. Answer: Line eyelashes
, ◉ Outer Ear. Answer: Auricle - Funnels sound waves, ear lobe - no
function
Ear canal - directs waves to eardrum
◉ Middle Ear. Answer: Tympanic membrane - vibrates when struck
by sound waves
Ossicles - transmit sounds to cochlea
◉ Inner Ear. Answer: Cochlea converts fluid waves to nerve impulses
Semicircular canals - direct head movement
Saccule and utricle - detect head movement and linear acceleration
◉ Conductive Hearing. Answer: Process of sound waves going from
outer ear to the tympanic membrane
◉ Sensoneural Hearing. Answer: Process of sound traveling from
middle ear to inner ear and then the brain
◉ Pain. Answer: Protective mechanism: warning the body when
something is wrong
