APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Anotia. Answer: Absence of auricle
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Microtia. Answer: Auricle
underdeveloped
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Atresia. Answer: Closed ear
◉ Congenital Hearing Loss Can Be From. Answer: Maternal rubella,
syphilis infection during pregnancy
◉ Aging and the Eyes. Answer: Changes as early as 30 years of age
Reduced tear production and structural deterioration
Thicker and less sensitive cornea with decreased curvature
Decrease in pupil size and reaction time
Yellowed, less flexible, and cloudy lens
Higher risk of certain conditions
,Presbyopia as most common eye problem - Difficulty focusing on
objects that are in reading distance
Inability to distinguish colors
◉ Aging and the Ears. Answer: Thickening and change of ear
structures
Influences on hearing loss
Presbycusis-sensoneural hearing loss - Disorder of the cochlea -
progressive and symmetric high frequency hearing loss
Conductive Hearing Loss - Trouble transmitting sound through the
outer and middle ear to the inner ear; may be due to cerumen
impaction, psoriases
◉ Conjunctivitis. Answer: Infection or inflammation of the
conjunctiva - may be caused by infection or trauma
◉ Viral Conjunctivitis. Answer: Most common - Adenovirus (cold) -
Usually starts in one eye and then goes to the other
◉ Bacterial Conjunctivitis. Answer: Pus-like discharge in both eyes
◉ Gonococcal Conjunctivitis. Answer: Can cause blindness
, ◉ Trachoma Conjunctivitis. Answer: Highly contagious; From
serotypes A-C from poor hygiene - Subtype D-K STI
◉ Allergic Conjunctivitis. Answer: From allergies/allergens
◉ Conjunctivitis Diagnosis. Answer: History, physical exam, focus on
identifying the causative agent
◉ Conjunctivitis Treatment. Answer: Depends on type - Viral and
Bacterial highly contagious - Hygiene (wash hands)
Viral - Symptomatic
Bacterial - Topical
Allergic - Antihistamine; avoid allergen
Warm moist compresses for symptomatic relief
◉ Keratitis. Answer: Inflammation of cornea triggered by infection
or trauma
Viral or Bacterial - HSV, varicella, EBV, staph or pseudomonas
Trauma - Contact lens use
◉ Keratitis Clinical Manifestations. Answer: Severe pain, erythema,
drainage, excessive tearing, photophobia
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Anotia. Answer: Absence of auricle
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Microtia. Answer: Auricle
underdeveloped
◉ Congenital Ear Disorders - Atresia. Answer: Closed ear
◉ Congenital Hearing Loss Can Be From. Answer: Maternal rubella,
syphilis infection during pregnancy
◉ Aging and the Eyes. Answer: Changes as early as 30 years of age
Reduced tear production and structural deterioration
Thicker and less sensitive cornea with decreased curvature
Decrease in pupil size and reaction time
Yellowed, less flexible, and cloudy lens
Higher risk of certain conditions
,Presbyopia as most common eye problem - Difficulty focusing on
objects that are in reading distance
Inability to distinguish colors
◉ Aging and the Ears. Answer: Thickening and change of ear
structures
Influences on hearing loss
Presbycusis-sensoneural hearing loss - Disorder of the cochlea -
progressive and symmetric high frequency hearing loss
Conductive Hearing Loss - Trouble transmitting sound through the
outer and middle ear to the inner ear; may be due to cerumen
impaction, psoriases
◉ Conjunctivitis. Answer: Infection or inflammation of the
conjunctiva - may be caused by infection or trauma
◉ Viral Conjunctivitis. Answer: Most common - Adenovirus (cold) -
Usually starts in one eye and then goes to the other
◉ Bacterial Conjunctivitis. Answer: Pus-like discharge in both eyes
◉ Gonococcal Conjunctivitis. Answer: Can cause blindness
, ◉ Trachoma Conjunctivitis. Answer: Highly contagious; From
serotypes A-C from poor hygiene - Subtype D-K STI
◉ Allergic Conjunctivitis. Answer: From allergies/allergens
◉ Conjunctivitis Diagnosis. Answer: History, physical exam, focus on
identifying the causative agent
◉ Conjunctivitis Treatment. Answer: Depends on type - Viral and
Bacterial highly contagious - Hygiene (wash hands)
Viral - Symptomatic
Bacterial - Topical
Allergic - Antihistamine; avoid allergen
Warm moist compresses for symptomatic relief
◉ Keratitis. Answer: Inflammation of cornea triggered by infection
or trauma
Viral or Bacterial - HSV, varicella, EBV, staph or pseudomonas
Trauma - Contact lens use
◉ Keratitis Clinical Manifestations. Answer: Severe pain, erythema,
drainage, excessive tearing, photophobia
